Table 2.

Population level differences in immune indices between breeding and moult states in female Common Bulbuls Pycnonotus barbatus in the wet season. Bulbuls were sampled over two annual cycles in Nigeria. Breeding state was determined based on occurrence of brood patch and moult state based on feather quality. All individuals that were repeat sampled were also excluded

Factor	df	HP		NOx		OVO		AGG		Lysis
		F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p	LRT	p
Batch	1	35.65	<0.01	2.17	0.14	39.63	<0.01	3.54	0.06	1.71	0.19
Body mass	1	0.27	0.60	0.20	0.65	0.01	0.92	0.00	1.00	3.21	0.07
Date	1	0.16	0.69	3.52	0.06	2.50	0.12	3.42	0.07	0.01	0.91
Breeding (B)	1	15.07	<0.01 ***		a	6.74	0.01 *	0.28	0.60	7.36	<0.01 **
Moult (M)	1	1.25	0.26		a	0.03	0.86	0.98	0.33	0.48	0.49
B:M	1	0.35	0.56	4.46	0.04 *	0.08	0.77	2.25	0.14	0.68	0.41

AGG: haemagglutination and lysis—haemolysis; HP: haptoglobin concentration; NO_x: nitric oxide concentration; OVO: ovotransferrin concentration.

Summary statistics with significant p‐values are highlighted bold. * indicates level of significance: ^* p < 0.05; ^** p < 0.01; ^*** p < 0.001.

^aDifferences determined by post hoc tests due to significant interaction between variables.