Table 5.
Summary of neonatal outcomes among different intervention strategies
| Intervention strategies | Macrosomiaa [studies included; total number of participants] | LGAa [studies included; total number of participants] | SGAa [studies included; total number of participants] | Hypoglycaemiaa [studies included; total number of participants] | NICUa [studies included; total number of participants] | Preterm birtha [studies included; total number of participants] | Jaundicea [studies included; total number of participants] | Respiratory distressa [studies included; total number of participants] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compared to individualised dietary intervention | ||||||||
| Food exchange |
0.25 (0.06, 1.11) [Ma 2011; 86] (RCT) 0.45 (0.26, 0.76)4 b [Zhang 2013, Zhang 2015a; 546] (Cohort studies) |
— | — | — | — |
0.57 (0.06, 5.58)4 b [Zhang 2013, Zhang 2015a; 546] (Cohort studies) |
— |
0.18 (0.04, 0.88)b [Zhang 2015a; 348] (Cohort study) |
| Low GI diet |
0.49 (0.32, 0.74)2 [Liu 2015, Liu 2018, Wu 2014; 750] (RCTs) |
— | — |
0.37 (0.20, 0.69)2 [Liu 2015, Liu 2018, Wu 2014; 750] (RCTs) 0.39 (0.17, 0.88)b [Wang 2016a; 128] (Cohort study) |
— |
0.45 (0.25, 0.81)2 [Liu 2015, Liu 2018, Wu 2014; 750] (RCTs) |
0.56 (0.14, 2.26) [Wu 2014; 166] (RCT) |
0.59 (0.37, 0.96)1 [Liu 2015, Liu 2018, Wu 2014; 750] (RCTs) |
| Low GL diet |
0.51 (0.05, 5.43) [Ma 2015; 83] (RCT) |
— | — | — | — |
0.45 (0.19, 1.07)4 [Li 2017, Ma 2015; 197] (RCTs) |
— |
0.12 (0.02, 0.93) [Li 2017; 114] (RCT) |
| Fibre‐enriched diet |
0.39 (0.12, 1.33)4 [Lian 2014, Pan 2015, Yang 2015; 424] (RCTs) |
— | — |
0.09 (0.01, 1.60) [Pan 2015; 96] (RCT) |
— |
0.19 (0.07, 0.54)3 [Lian 2014, Pan 2015; 244] (RCTs) |
— |
0.05 (0.00, 0.76) [Lian 2014; 148] (RCT) |
| DASH diet |
0.16 (0.02, 1.16) [Yao 2015; 33] (RCT) |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| PUFA‐rich diet |
0.26 (0.03, 2.25) [Wang 2015; 84] (RCT) |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Compared to food exchange intervention | ||||||||
| Low GI diet |
0.38 (0.13, 1.07) [Wang 2016; 64] (RCT) |
— | — |
0.47 (0.04, 4.92) [Wang 2016; 64] (RCT) |
— | — | — | — |
| Low GL diet |
0.31 (0.12, 0.84)3 [Chen 2015, Wang 2016, Zhi 2012; 254] (RCTs) 0.18 (0.02, 1.48)b [Shen 2010; 80] (Cohort study) |
— | — |
0.19 (0.02, 1.62)3 [Huang 2015, Wang 2016; 144] (RCTs) |
— |
0.71 (0.29, 1.76) [Chen 2015; 145] (RCT) 0.68 (0.16, 2.84)b [Shen 2010; 80] (Cohort study) |
0.40 (0.08, 1.94) [Huang 2015; 80] (RCT) 0.60 (0.11, 3.42)b [Shen 2010; 80] (Cohort study) |
0.89 (0.28, 2.84)3 [Chen 2015, Huang 2015; 225] (RCTs) 1.36 (0.24, 7.69)b [Shen 2010; 80] (Cohort study) |
Dichotomous outcomes expressed in relative risks (95% confidence interval).
Results from cohort studies.
DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; GI, glycaemic index: GL, glycaemic load; LGA, large for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit admission; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SGA, small for gestational age.
The quality of evidence of each outcome from two or more studies was assessed using GRADE and was presented as number superscript after each outcome in the level of quality of evidence of: 1high, 2moderate, 3low and 4very low.