Table 5.

Predictors of poor outcome in patients with miliary TB.

Demographic parameters
Increasing age
Female gender
Male gender
Co-morbid/predisposing conditions
Presence of any underlying co-morbid disease
Presence of one or more predisposing conditions
Clinical manifestations
History of cough / night sweats / dyspnea / chills
Altered mental status
Meningismus
Temperature >39.3 °C
Icterus
Hepatomegaly
Laboratory abnormalities
Hyponatremia
Hypoalbuminemia
Elevated serum hepatic transaminase levels
Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase
Leucopenia
Leucocytosis
Lymphopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Others
Presence of atypical chest radiographic patterns
Treatment delay
High nutritional risk score*

^*A four-point nutritional risk score is defined according to the presence of four nutritional factors: low body mass index (<18.5 kg/m²), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <30 g/L), hypocholesterolemia (serum cholesterol <2.33 mmol/L) and severe lymphocytopenia (<7 × 10⁵ cells/L). Each risk factor is assigned a value of 1 if present or 0 if absent. Patients with three or four points were classified as having a high nutritional risk score (Ref. [169])

Source: Refs. [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [166].