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. 2019 Mar 1;98(3):479–491. doi: 10.1111/tpj.14231

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Detection of Al‐induced DNA damage in short‐term growth assays.

(a) Six‐day‐old seedlings of wild‐type (WT), cdkb1, ku70 and rad51 mutants were transferred to 0 or 1.5 mm Al‐containing hydroponics (pH 4.2), and treated for 12 h. Treated seedlings were planted on agar plates without Al and grown for 5 subsequent days. Scale bar: 1 cm. (b) Root growth measurements of WT, cdkb1, ku70 and rad51. Al‐treated seedlings were transferred to agar plates without Al, and root lengths were measured for 5 days. Data are presented as mean ± SD in three independent experiments. Significant differences from WT were determined by independent samples t‐test: *P < 0.05. (c) Immunofluorescence analysis of γH2AX accumulation (green) in nuclei, stained with DAPI (DNA, blue), of root tips of WT, cdkb1, ku70 and rad51 plants after 3 days of growth on 1.5 mm Al‐containing soaked gel medium (pH 4.2), or 12 h in 1.5 mm Al‐containing hydroponic solution (pH 4.2). (d) Quantification of γH2AX foci in WT and cdkb1 plants after Al treatment. One‐hundred nuclei per line per experiment were grouped into six classes according to their number of γH2AX foci: nuclei containing no γH2AX foci, 1–2, 3–5, 6–10 and 11–20 γH2AX foci.