Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics Of Patients
| Characteristic | Total | Beers Criteria 2003 | Beers Criteria 2012 | Beers Criteria 2015 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIMs | Non-PIMs | p-Value | PIMs | Non-PIMs | P-Value | PIMs | Non-PIMs | p-Value | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 64 (29.6) | 39 (25.8) | 25 (38.5) | 0.062 | 57 (30.8) | 7 (22.6) | 0.353 | 59 (31.6) | 5 (17.2) | 0.116 |
| Female, n (%) | 152 (70.4) | 112 (74.2) | 40 (61.5) | 128 (69.2) | 24 (77.4) | 128 (68.4) | 24 (82.8) | |||
| Age, mean ± SD | 81.0 ± 6.7 | 81.2 ± 6.3 | 80.6 ± 7.6 | 0.561 | 81.1 ± 6.8 | 80.5 ± 5.8 | 0.662 | 81.1 ± 6.8 | 80.4 ± 6 | 0.590 |
| 65–74, n (%) | 40 (18.5) | 24 (15.9) | 16 (24.6) | 0.308 | 34 (18.4) | 6 (19.4) | 0.477 | 34 (18.2) | 6 (20.7) | 0.591 |
| 75–84, n (%) | 114 (52.8) | 83 (55.0) | 31 (47.7) | 95 (51.4) | 19 (61.3) | 97 (51.9) | 17 (58.6) | |||
| ≥85, n (%) | 62 (28.7) | 44 (29.1) | 18 (27.7) | 56 (30.3) | 6 (19.4) | 56 (29.9) | 6 (20.7) | |||
| No. of comorbidity, mean ± SD | 4.4 ± 2.7 | 4.2 ± 2.6 | 5.0 ± 3.0 | 0.046 | 4.3 ± 2.7 | 4.8 ± 2.9 | 0.415 | 4.3 ± 2.7 | 4.9 ± 3 | 0.333 |
| 0–5, n (%) | 152 (70.4) | 116 (76.8) | 36 (55.4) | 0.006 | 134 (72.4) | 18 (58.1) | 0.209 | 136 (72.7) | 16 (55.2) | 0.120 |
| 6–9, n (%) | 54 (25.0) | 30 (19.9) | 24 (36.9) | 43 (23.2) | 11 (35.5) | 43 (23.0) | 11 (37.9) | |||
| ≥10, n (%) | 10 (4.6) | 5 (3.3) | 5 (7.7) | 8 (4.3) | 2 (6.5) | 8 (4.3) | 2 (6.9) | |||
| No. of prescribed drugs, mean ± SD | 5.3 ± 2.7 | 5.8 ± 2.7 | 4.1 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| 1–4, n (%) | 96 (44.4) | 53 (35.1) | 43 (66.2) | <0.001 | 71 (38.4) | 25 (80.6) | <0.001 | 72 (38.5) | 24 (82.8) | <0.001 |
| 5–9, n (%) | 101 (46.8) | 81 (53.6) | 20 (30.8) | 95 (51.4) | 6 (19.4) | 96 (51.3) | 5 (17.2) | |||
| ≥10, n (%) | 19 (8.8) | 17 (11.3) | 2 (3.1) | 19 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (10.2) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| No. of anticholinergic drugs, mean ± SD | 129.6 ± 24.0 | 104.9 ± 19.5 | 25.8 ± 8.6 | <0.001 | 126.8 ± 24.1 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 127.2 ± 24.4 | 2.3 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| ACB, n (%) | 148 (68.5) | 123 (81.5) | 25 (38.5) | <0.001 | 144 (77.8) | 4 (12.9) | <0.001 | 144 (77.0) | 4 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| ARS, n (%) | 129 (59.7) | 110 (72.8) | 19 (29.2) | <0.001 | 129 (69.7) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 129 (69.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Chew, n (%) | 122 (56.5) | 91 (60.3) | 31 (47.7) | 0.087 | 118 (63.8) | 4 (12.9) | <0.001 | 118 (63.1) | 4 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| ADS, n (%) | 151 (69.9) | 121 (80.1) | 30 (46.2) | <0.001 | 150 (81.1) | 1 (3.2) | <0.001 | 151 (80.7) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| AAS, n (%) | 91 (42.1) | 68 (45.0) | 23 (35.4) | 0.188 | 88 (47.6) | 3 (9.7) | <0.001 | 88 (47.1) | 3 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| ALS, n (%) | 140 (64.8) | 114 (75.5) | 26 (40.0) | <0.001 | 135 (73.0) | 5 (16.1) | <0.001 | 136 (72.7) | 4 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| CrAS, n (%) | 137 (63.4) | 110 (72.8) | 27 (41.5) | <0.001 | 136 (73.5) | 1 (3.2) | <0.001 | 137 (73.3) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Duran, n (%) | 156 (72.2) | 123 (81.5) | 33 (50.8) | <0.001 | 152 (82.2) | 4 (12.9) | <0.001 | 153 (81.8) | 3 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| ABC, n (%) | 92 (42.8) | 84 (55.6) | 8 (12.5) | <0.001 | 89 (48.4) | 3 (9.7) | <0.001 | 89 (47.8) | 3 (10.3) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: PIMs, potentially inappropriate medications; ACB, Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale; ARS, Anticholinergic Risk Scale; Chew, Chew’s Scale; ADS, Anticholinergic Drug Scale; AAS, Anticholinergic Activity Scale; ALS, Anticholinergic Load Scale; CrAS, Clinician-Rated Anticholinergic Scale; Duran, Duran’s Scale; ABC, Anticholinergic Burden Classification.