Table 3.
Accuracy And Predictability Of Anticholinergic Identified By The Beers Criteria And Various Anticholinergic Scales
| Anticholinergic Scale | Beers Criteria 2003 | Beers Criteria 2012 | Beers Criteria 2015 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIMs | Non-PIMs | PIMs | Non-PIMs | PIMs | Non-PIMs | |
| ACB, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 28 (13.0) | 40 (18.5) | 41 (19.0) | 27 (12.5) | 43 (19.9) | 25 (11.6) |
| Point > 0 | 123 (56.9) | 25 (11.6) | 144 (66.7) | 4 (1.9) | 144 (66.7) | 4 (1.9) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 81.46 | 77.84 | 77.01 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 61.54 | 87.10 | 86.21 | |||
| PPV (%) | 83.11 | 97.30 | 97.30 | |||
| NPV (%) | 58.82 | 39.71 | 36.76 | |||
| ARS, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 41 (19.0) | 46 (21.3) | 56 (25.9) | 31 (14.4) | 58 (26.9) | 29 (13.4) |
| Point > 0 | 110 (50.9) | 19 (8.8) | 129 (59.7) | 0 (0.0) | 129 (59.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 72.85 | 69.73 | 68.98 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 70.77 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| PPV (%) | 85.27 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| NPV (%) | 52.87 | 35.63 | 33.33 | |||
| Chew, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 60 (27.8) | 34 (15.7) | 67 (31.0) | 27 (12.5) | 69 (31.9) | 25 (11.6) |
| Point > 0 | 91 (42.1) | 31 (14.4) | 118 (54.6) | 4 (1.9) | 118 (54.6) | 4 (1.9) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 60.26 | 63.78 | 63.10 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 52.31 | 87.10 | 86.21 | |||
| PPV (%) | 74.59 | 96.72 | 96.72 | |||
| NPV (%) | 36.17 | 28.72 | 26.60 | |||
| ADS, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 30 (13.9) | 35 (16.2) | 35 (16.2) | 30 (13.9) | 36 (16.7) | 29 (13.4) |
| Point > 0 | 121 (56.0) | 30 (13.9) | 150 (69.4) | 1 (0.5) | 151 (69.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 80.13 | 81.08 | 80.75 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 53.85 | 96.77 | 100.00 | |||
| PPV (%) | 80.13 | 99.34 | 100.00 | |||
| NPV (%) | 53.85 | 46.15 | 44.62 | |||
| AAS, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 83 (38.4) | 42 (19.4) | 97 (44.9) | 28 (13.0) | 99 (45.8) | 26 (12.0) |
| Point > 0 | 68 (31.5) | 23 (10.6) | 88 (40.7) | 3 (1.4) | 88 (40.7) | 3 (1.4) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 45.03 | 47.57 | 47.06 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 64.62 | 90.32 | 89.66 | |||
| PPV (%) | 74.73 | 96.70 | 96.70 | |||
| NPV (%) | 33.60 | 22.40 | 20.80 | |||
| ALS, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 37 (17.1) | 39 (18.1) | 50 (23.1) | 26 (12.0) | 51 (23.6) | 25 (11.6) |
| Point > 0 | 114 (52.8) | 26 (12.0) | 135 (62.5) | 5 (2.3) | 136 (63.0) | 4 (1.9) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 75.50 | 72.97 | 72.73 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 60.00 | 83.87 | 86.21 | |||
| PPV (%) | 81.43 | 96.43 | 97.14 | |||
| NPV (%) | 51.32 | 34.21 | 32.89 | |||
| CrAS, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 41 (19.0) | 38 (17.6) | 49 (22.7) | 30 (13.9) | 50 (23.1) | 29 (13.4) |
| Point > 0 | 110 (50.9) | 27 (12.5) | 136 (63.0) | 1 (0.5) | 137 (63.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 72.85 | 73.51 | 73.26 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 58.46 | 96.77 | 100.00 | |||
| PPV (%) | 80.29 | 99.27 | 100.00 | |||
| NPV (%) | 48.10 | 37.97 | 36.71 | |||
| Duran, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 28 (13.0) | 32 (14.8) | 33 (15.3) | 27 (12.5) | 34 (15.7) | 26 (12.0) |
| Point > 0 | 123 (56.9) | 33 (15.3) | 152 (70.4) | 4 (1.9) | 153 (70.8) | 3 (1.4) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 81.46 | 82.16 | 81.82 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 49.23 | 87.10 | 89.66 | |||
| PPV (%) | 78.85 | 97.44 | 98.08 | |||
| NPV (%) | 53.33 | 45.00 | 43.33 | |||
| ABC, n (%) | ||||||
| Point = 0 | 67 (31.2) | 56 (26.0) | 95 (44.2) | 28 (13.0) | 97 (45.1) | 26 (12.1) |
| Point > 0 | 84 (39.1) | 8 (3.7) | 89 (41.4) | 3 (1.4) | 89 (41.4) | 3 (1.4) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 55.63 | 48.37 | 47.85 | |||
| Specificity (%) | 87.50 | 90.32 | 89.66 | |||
| PPV (%) | 91.30 | 96.74 | 96.74 | |||
| NPV (%) | 45.53 | 22.76 | 21.14 | |||
Abbreviations: PIMs, potentially inappropriate medications; ACB, Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale; ARS, Anticholinergic Risk Scale; Chew, Chew’s Scale; ADS, Anticholinergic Drug Scale; AAS, Anticholinergic Activity Scale; ALS, Anticholinergic Load Scale; CrAS, Clinician-Rated Anticholinergic Scale; Duran, Duran’s Scale; ABC, Anticholinergic Burden Classification; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.