Table 2. Multivariate odds ratio (OR) of sitting more than 7.5 hours per day, by country and socio-demographic characteristics for each survey year.
| Multivariate model OR (95%CI) of sitting >7.5 hours per day | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | 2002 | 2005 | 2013 | 2017 |
| Country (ref: all other countries) | ||||
| Northern Europe | ||||
| Denmark | 1.66 (1.43,1.93) | 1.36 (1.17,1.6) | 1.84 (1.56,2.16) | 1.72 (1.45,2.04) |
| Estonia | 1.17 (0.99,1.39) | 1.20 (1.02,1.43) | 1.21 (1.01,1.44) | |
| Finland | 1.39 (1.19,1.63) | 1.29 (1.10,1.51) | 1.28 (1.05,1.56) | 0.75 (0.62,0.92) |
| Ireland | 0.61 (0.50,0.74) | 0.51 (0.42,0.62) | 0.48 (0.38,0.62) | 0.65 (0.53,0.78) |
| Latvia | 0.78 (0.65,0.94) | 0.98 (0.81,1.17) | 1.04 (0.86,1.26) | |
| Lithuania | 0.78 (0.64,0.94) | 0.73 (0.61,0.87) | 0.74 (0.61,0.90) | |
| Sweden | 1.11 (0.95,1.31) | 1.01 (0.86,1.17) | 1.53 (1.28,1.83) | 1.53 (1.27,1.84) |
| UK | 0.77 (0.64,0.93) | 0.96 (0.81,1.15) | 1.10 (0.93,1.31) | 0.89 (0.75,1.07) |
| Western Europe | ||||
| Austria | 1.00 (0.84,1.20) | 0.73 (0.61,0.87) | 1.22 (1.01,1.47) | 0.85 (0.70,1.02) |
| Belgium | 0.98 (0.83,1.15) | 1.13 (0.96,1.32) | 0.85 (0.71,1.02) | 1.01 (0.84,1.21) |
| France | 0.59 (0.50,0.70) | 0.59 (0.49,0.71) | 0.94 (0.79,1.12) | 0.72 (0.60,0.87) |
| Germany | 1.25 (1.09,1.44) | 1.22 (1.06,1.42) | 1.20 (1.02,1.41) | 1.15 (0.98,1.35) |
| Luxembourg | 1.29 (1.04,1.60) | 1.02 (0.77,1.35) | 1.39 (1.08,1.79) | 0.93 (0.71,1.21) |
| Netherlands | 1.40 (1.16,1.67) | 3.00 (2.58,3.48) | 2.41 (2.05,2.83) | 3.14 (2.69,3.67) |
| Eastern Europe | ||||
| Bulgaria | 0.82 (0.68,0.98) | 1.01 (0.85,1.20) | 1.05 (0.88,1.26) | |
| Czech Republic | 2.15 (1.84,2.51) | 1.63 (1.39,1.91) | 1.64 (1.40,1.92) | |
| Hungary | 0.73 (0.60,0.89) | 0.59 (0.48,0.73) | 0.84 (0.70,1.02) | |
| Poland | 1.23 (1.06,1.44) | 0.78 (0.64,0.95) | 0.92 (0.76,1.11) | |
| Romania | 0.49 (0.39,0.60) | 0.76 (0.61,0.93) | 0.74 (0.61,0.89) | |
| Slovakia | 1.15 (0.96,1.38) | 1.15 (0.96,1.38) | 0.91 (0.76,1.09) | |
| Southern Europe | ||||
| Croatia | 1.19 (1.01,1.40) | 1.32 (1.09,1.58) | 0.84 (0.71,1.01) | |
| Cypress-TCC | 0.91 (0.70,1.19) | |||
| Cyprus | 1.67 (1.33,2.09) | 0.87 (0.67,1.12) | 0.84 (0.66,1.08) | |
| Greece | 1.00 (0.84,1.18) | 1.88 (1.62,2.19) | 0.93 (0.78,1.11) | 1.14 (0.96,1.35) |
| Italy | 0.98 (0.84,1.16) | 0.45 (0.37,0.56) | 0.46 (0.37,0.58) | 0.62 (0.50,0.75) |
| Malta | 0.41 (0.29,0.59) | 0.81 (0.58,1.13) | 1.05 (0.80,1.39) | |
| Portugal | 0.59 (0.47,0.74) | 0.40 (0.31,0.52) | 0.49 (0.39,0.61) | 0.69 (0.57,0.82) |
| Slovenia | 1.21 (1.03,1.42) | 0.62 (0.51,0.77) | 0.91 (0.76,1.08) | |
| Spain | 0.71 (0.59,0.85) | 0.58 (0.48,0.71) | 0.46 (0.37,0.58) | 0.62 (0.50,0.76) |
| Turkey | 0.92 (0.74,1.15) | |||
| Gender | ||||
| Men (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Women | 0.69 (0.61,0.77) | 0.72 (0.65,0.8) | 0.74 (0.67,0.83) | 0.75 (0.68,0.84) |
| Age | ||||
| 18–24 years | 0.91 (0.72,1.15) | 0.97 (0.78,1.21) | 0.68 (0.53,0.87) | 0.82 (0.63,1.06) |
| 25–34 years (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35–44 years | 1.00 (0.83,1.21) | 0.93 (0.79,1.09) | 0.93 (0.78,1.12) | 0.97 (0.81,1.16) |
| 45–54 years | 1.04 (0.85,1.26) | 1.06 (0.89,1.25) | 1.02 (0.85,1.22) | 0.97 (0.80,1.16) |
| 55–64 years | 0.79 (0.64,0.98) | 0.73 (0.60,0.88) | 0.81 (0.67,0.98) | 0.94 (0.79,1.13) |
| 65 years and older | 0.97 (0.80,1.18) | 0.92 (0.76,1.11) | 0.74 (0.62,0.89) | 0.85 (0.71,1.00) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Single (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married/De-facto | 0.73 (0.62,0.85) | 0.90 (0.78,1.05) | 0.92 (0.79,1.06) | 0.77 (0.67,0.89) |
| Separated/Divorced | 0.99 (0.79,1.25) | 1.16 (0.93,1.45) | 1.04 (0.83,1.30) | 0.82 (0.66,1.03) |
| Widowed | 1.23 (0.96,1.57) | 1.3 (1.03,1.66) | 1.32 (1.06,1.65) | 1.44 (1.17,1.78) |
| Age when stopped Education | ||||
| 15 years and less (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 16 to 19 years | 1.02 (0.87,1.19) | 1.19 (1.03,1.38) | 0.92 (0.78,1.08) | 0.80 (0.69,0.94) |
| 20 years and over | 2.04 (1.73,2.40) | 2.10 (1.80,2.45) | 1.64 (1.39,1.93) | 1.19 (1.02,1.39) |
| Still Studying | 2.92 (2.24,3.80) | 3.80 (2.91,4.95) | 2.63 (1.97,3.53) | 2.18 (1.63,2.93) |
| Type of Community | ||||
| Rural/Village | 0.65 (0.56,0.75) | 0.67 (0.59,0.77) | 0.65 (0.56,0.74) | 0.77 (0.67,0.89) |
| Small/Mid-sized town | 0.77 (0.67,0.89) | 0.85 (0.75,0.96) | 0.77 (0.68,0.88) | 0.83 (0.74,0.95) |
| Large Town (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Physical Activity Profile | ||||
| First Quartile—Low PA (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second Quartile | 0.61 (0.52,0.72) | 0.69 (0.61,0.80) | 0.77 (0.67,0.89) | 0.64 (0.56,0.73) |
| Third Quartile | 0.40 (0.35,0.47) | 0.47 (0.41,0.54) | 0.53 (0.46,0.61) | 0.47 (0.40,0.54) |
| Fourth Quartile—High PA | 0.23 (0.19,0.28) | 0.24 (0.21,0.28) | 0.35 (0.30,0.42) | 0.23 (0.20,0.28) |
| Occupation* | ||||
| Self-employed | 2.1 (1.61,2.74) | 2.18 (1.74,2.73) | 2.22 (1.74,2.84) | 2.21 (1.71,2.84) |
| Manager | 4.6 (3.65,5.8) | 4.33 (3.56,5.27) | 4.61 (3.72,5.7) | 4.37 (3.55,5.38) |
| Other white collar | 5.8 (4.67,7.19) | 5.94 (4.92,7.18) | 6.92 (5.65,8.48) | 5.41 (4.45,6.58) |
| Manual worker (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| House person | 1.23 (0.95,1.60) | 1.24 (0.96,1.59) | 0.75 (0.52,1.07) | 1.64 (1.19,2.26) |
| Unemployed | 1.79 (1.32,2.43) | 1.58 (1.21,2.08) | 1.30 (0.99,1.71) | 1.95 (1.49,2.57) |
| Retired | 2.06 (1.66,2.56) | 1.83 (1.45,2.30) | 2.04 (1.64,2.54) | 2.35 (1.90,2.91) |
| Student | 4.92 (3.70,6.53) | 5.68 (4.35,7.40) | 4.92 (3.66,6.61) | 5.26 (3.90,7.11) |
| Country (region)** | ||||
| Northern Europe | 1.45 (1.24,1.69) | 2.24 (1.90,2.65) | 1.51 (1.29,1.76) | |
| Western Europe | 1.54 (1.34,1.77) | 2.26 (1.94,2.64) | 1.62 (1.40,1.87) | |
| Eastern Europe | 1.48 (1.29,1.70) | 1.73 (1.48,2.02) | 1.44 (1.25,1.67) | |
| Southern Europe (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
*An additional model was conducted replacing education with occupation and adjusting for all other covariates as per the previous model. Only the results for occupation are presented for this model.
** An additional model was conducted replacing country with a country variable with clustering regions and adjusting for all other covariates as per the previous model. The 2002 results are not presented due to lower number of countries included in each region.
Notes: bold numbers represent a significant effect of p<0.05. Abbreviations: OR: odds ratio; ref: reference category: PA: physical activity