Table 2.

Study 1 and study 2 blood assays and EPR spectroscopy

	Study 1		Study 2
	Placebo	Nitrate	Placebo	Nitrate
cGMP, μmol/L	3.75 ± 1.9	3.99 ± 2.1	5.15 ± 3.25	5.24 ± 3.08
FRAP, mmol/L	2.0 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.3†	1.9 ± 0.3	1.9 ± 0.3
MDA, μmol/L	2.2 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 0.8	2.2 ± 0.7
SOD, U/mL	1.6 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.4	1.7 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.3
PC, nmol/mg	0.07 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.02
EPR, AU	8.5 ± 7.8	13.0 ± 12.0	9.2 ± 7.3	8.7 ± 8.2
CRP, U/mL	2.1 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 1.4	2.4 ± 2.3	2.2 ± 1.1
IL-6, pg/mL	1.7 ± 0.8	1.4 ± 0.7	3.0 ± 2.7	1.7 ± 0.7
TNF-α, pg/mL	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.2

Data are means ± SD. Study 1: n = 13 for all variables (except FRAP, n = 12). Study 2: n = 14 for all variables. AU, arbitrary units; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; CRP, C-reactive protein; EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy signal for free radicals; FRAP, ferric-reducing ability of plasma; IL-6, interleukin-6; MDA, malondialdehyde; PC, protein carbonyl; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

^†Different from placebo within study (P < 0.05).