Table 3.

Partial correlation among all measures in low and high graders of primary schools.

Characters	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. VAS_rt	—	0.16	−0.12	−0.07	−0.38**	−0.02	−0.23	0.06
2. VAS_d′	0.29	—	−0.04	0.03	−0.10	0.14	0.07	0.25*
3. O_char	−0.37*	−0.02	—	0.17	0.10	−0.03	0.04	0.17
4. S_char	−0.24	−0.39*	0.27	—	0.11	−0.10	0.13	0.12
5. O_senspe	−0.42*	−0.21	0.35*	0.19	—	0.14	−0.13	0.18
6. O_senacc	−0.38*	0.08	−0.41*	0.10	−0.24	—	0.19	0.67***
7. S_senspe	−0.29	−0.19	0.30	−0.04	0.28	−0.09	—	0.20
8. S_senacc	−0.36*	0.24	−0.33	−0.10	−0.01	0.47*	−0.29	—

This partial correlation controls for age, general language ability, reasoning ability, and rapid naming speed. The correlation coefficients below the diagonal line represent data of lower graders, and the correlation coefficients above the diagonal line represent data of higher graders. VAS_rt, correct reaction times in the visual 1-back task; VAS_d′, d-prime values in the visual 1-back task; RAN, mean time recorded in the rapid naming test; O_char, oral character reading speed; S_char, silent character reading speed; O_sen, oral sentence reading speed; S_sen, silent reading speed.

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001.