Table 1.
Bison sample description including archaeological sites, skeletal component, age in cal BP, and diagnostics for well-preserved collagen isotopic values.
Bison | Sample Site | Skeletal Component | Cal BP Date Range | Median Age (cal BP) | % Collagen | % C | % N | C:N | δ13C (‰ VPDB) | δ15N (‰ AIR) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Medora | molar fragment | 270 | 12 | 112 | 4.4 | 45.0 | 16.3 | 3.2 | −17.4 | 6.2 |
2 | Mondrian Tree 32MZ58 | bone fragment | 3357 | 3241 | 3291 | 4.5 | 46.9 | 16.0 | 3.4 | −21.1 | 8.1 |
3 | Mondrian Tree 32MZ58 | phalanx | 2724 | 2497 | 2580 | 3.0 | 42.6 | 14.9 | 3.3 | −18.5 | 4.9 |
4 | Anton Rygh 39CA4 | metatarsal | 501 | 332 | 469 | 6.3 | 42.9 | 15.1 | 3.3 | −14.8 | 5.8 |
5 | Anton Rygh 39CA4 | carpal | 481 | 318 | 388 | 5.3 | 45.6 | 16.7 | 3.2 | −17.5 | 5.7 |
6 | Menoken Village 32BL2 | phalanx | 910 | 787 | 863 | 2.6 | 45.9 | 16.3 | 3.3 | −19.1 | 6.4 |
10 | White Bison Robe 32ME7 | molar fragment | 679 | 571 | 665 | 2.5 | 44.4 | 16.5 | 3.1 | −17.8 | 6.8 |
11 | White Bison Robe 32ME7 | molar | 460 | 313 | 381 | 4.7 | 45.9 | 17.0 | 3.2 | −17.8 | 6.6 |
12 | Huff Village 32MO11 | molar fragment | 527 | 501 | 513 | 5.0 | 46.0 | 16.8 | 3.2 | −19.3 | 6.0 |
13 | Huff Village 32MO11 | M3 | 518 | 487 | 504 | 9.9 | 41.6 | 15.3 | 3.2 | −18.6 | 6.5 |
14 | Alkali Creek 32DU336 | premolar | 1529 | 1412 | 1466 | 3.0 | 39.8 | 14.5 | 3.2 | −18.3 | 6.9 |
18 | Sakakawea 32ME11 | M3 | 302 | 7 | 166 | 5.4 | 46.4 | 16.7 | 3.2 | −18.8 | 6.3 |
20 | Rustad Site 32R1775 | molar fragment | 8176 | 8041 | 8107 | 1.4 | 40.2 | 14.3 | 3.3 | −16.3 | 9.3 |
22 | Streifel Site 32ML903 | head of femur | 7834 | 7701 | 7768 | 3.8 | 41.9 | 15.0 | 3.3 | −14.6 | 5.0 |
25 | Big Hidatsa 32ME12 | molar | 294 | 14 | 167 | 5.9 | 45.4 | 16.5 | 3.2 | −18.6 | 7.4 |
26 | Big Hidatsa 32ME12 | M3 | 290 | 14 | 170 | 4.3 | 44.0 | 16.4 | 3.1 | −20.5 | 7.5 |
29 | Falkirk Bison Kill 32ML927 | vertebrae | 694 | 661 | 677 | 8.2 | 43.1 | 14.9 | 3.4 | −15.6 | 5.8 |
30 | Falkirk Bison Kill 32ML927 | molar | 309 | 156 | 296 | 3.5 | 44.9 | 16.7 | 3.1 | −16.3 | 6.4 |
31 | Bobtail Wolf 32DU955A | phalanx | 283 | 5 | 189 | 6.2 | 44.9 | 15.6 | 3.4 | −20.1 | 6.1 |
32 | Larson Village 32BL9 | M3 | 491 | 320 | 437 | 3.8 | 45.3 | 16.9 | 3.1 | −17.1 | 5.5 |
33 | Larson Village 32BL9 | metatarsal | 485 | 319 | 429 | 5.4 | 43.9 | 16.0 | 3.2 | −20.3 | 7.3 |
34 | Double Ditch Village 32BL8 | molar fragment | 465 | 315 | 379 | 2.5 | 44.2 | 16.5 | 3.1 | −15.1 | 5.0 |
35 | Bundlemaker 32OL159 | molar | 1173 | 979 | 1027 | 6.2 | 42.3 | 15.2 | 3.2 | −16.7 | 6.6 |
36 | Cross Ranch 32OL151 | M3 | 1175 | 1010 | 1107 | 5.0 | 44.2 | 16.1 | 3.2 | −17.2 | 6.4 |
37 | Taylor Bluff 32ME366 | phalanx | 272 | 11 | 125 | 6.2 | 42.3 | 15.2 | 3.2 | −18.2 | 5.8 |
38 | Taylor Bluff 32ME366 | molar fragment | 294 | 14 | 167 | 3.6 | 44.8 | 16.4 | 3.2 | −20.1 | 7.0 |
39 | Falkirk Bison Kill 32ML927 | molar fragment | 673 | 566 | 656 | 1.5 | 40.4 | 14.3 | 3.3 | −19.4 | 8.3 |
40 | Shea Farm 32CS101 | premolar root | 527 | 492 | 509 | 5.2 | 43.0 | 15.6 | 3.2 | −16.5 | 5.5 |
41 | White Bison Robe 32ME7 | M3 | 465 | 315 | 379 | 3.6 | 44.7 | 16.5 | 3.2 | −19.6 | 8.3 |
42 | White Bison Robe 32ME7 | M3 | 458 | 307 | 386 | 6.3 | 42.3 | 15.5 | 3.2 | −20.3 | 8.0 |
43 | Menoken Village 32BL2 | molar fragment | 1175 | 989 | 1077 | 9.7 | 41.9 | 15.3 | 3.2 | −15.4 | 6.2 |
44 | Brand Bison Kill 32SK201 | atlas | 703 | 668 | 683 | 3.5 | 45.8 | 16.5 | 3.2 | −19.7 | 6.2 |
45 | Brand Bison Kill 32SK201 | atlas | 688 | 665 | 675 | 2.5 | 44.8 | 16.0 | 3.3 | −20.3 | 7.5 |
46 | Forest River | molar fragment | 284 | 22 | 185 | 3.7 | 44.9 | 16.4 | 3.2 | −17.8 | 6.0 |
47 | Falkirk Bison Kill 32ML927 | molar fragment | 670 | 565 | 653 | 2.8 | 45.4 | 16.3 | 3.3 | −20.2 | 6.9 |
48 | Rustad Site 32R1775 | molar | 7972 | 7860 | 7936 | 7.2 | 43.6 | 15.8 | 3.2 | −17.9 | 8.8 |
49 | Alkali Creek 32DU336 | molar | 2750 | 2539 | 2728 | 5.0 | 42.6 | 15.8 | 3.2 | −18.3 | 7.8 |
50 | Rustad Site 32R1775 | mandible | 9029 | 8786 | 8999 | 2.1 | 42.0 | 15.0 | 3.3 | −18.2 | 6.6 |
51 | Mondrian Tree 32MZ58 | M3 | 631 | 516 | 544 | 12.0 | 42.5 | 15.6 | 3.2 | −19.8 | 6.8 |
52 | Alkali Creek 32DU336 | premolar root | 1567 | 1416 | 1533 | 5.7 | 43.0 | 16.0 | 3.1 | −20.3 | 7.3 |
53 | Streifel Site 32ML903 | bone fragment | 4079 | 3897 | 3964 | 11.3 | 42.0 | 15.4 | 3.2 | −20.3 | 7.0 |
54 | Beacon Island 32MN234 | molar fragment | 12389 | 12030 | 12209 | 1.0 | 37.5 | 13.0 | 3.4 | −21.5 | 6.2 |
55 | Streifel Site 32ML903 | metatarsal | 4082 | 3892 | 3966 | 12.6 | 42.0 | 15.5 | 3.2 | −19.1 | 6.3 |
56 | Mondrian Tree 32MZ58 | bone fragment | 2744 | 2502 | 2701 | 9.3 | 42.6 | 15.3 | 3.2 | −19.1 | 7.8 |
57 | Mondrian Tree 32MZ58 | phalanx | 2744 | 2497 | 2622 | 6.2 | 41.6 | 15.0 | 3.2 | −19.8 | 5.8 |
58 | Beacon Island 32MN234 | molar | na | na | na | <1 | na | na | na | na | na |
59 | Beacon Island 32MN234 | molar | 12396 | 12056 | 12229 | 3.7 | 41.7 | 14.9 | 3.3 | −21.1 | 5.0 |
60 | Beacon Island 32MN234 | molar | 12373 | 11845 | 12068 | 2.0 | 41.9 | 15.0 | 3.3 | −21.2 | 5.7 |
61 | Beacon Island 32MN234 | molar | na | na | na | <1 | na | na | na | na | na |
62 | Beacon Island 32MN234 | M3 | 12547 | 12140 | 12431 | 4.2 | 41.4 | 15.2 | 3.2 | −18.4 | 5.9 |
63 | Beacon Island 32MN234 | molar | na | na | na | <1 | na | na | na | na | na |
64 | Mondrian Tree 32MZ58 | phalanx | 3825 | 3640 | 3705 | 5.6 | 40.3 | 14.3 | 3.3 | −20.7 | 8.1 |
65 | Brand Bison Kill 32SK201 | horncore | 691 | 661 | 675 | 8.7 | 45.6 | 16.7 | 3.2 | −18.8 | 7.5 |
66 | Rustad Site 32R1775 | molar | 8191 | 8042 | 8116 | 3.8 | 41.7 | 14.9 | 3.3 | −16.2 | 8.1 |
67 | Rustad Site 32R1775 | M3 | 8178 | 8036 | 8107 | 5.1 | 40.5 | 14.7 | 3.2 | −17.5 | 6.8 |
68 | Rustad Site 32R1775 | molar | 8187 | 8042 | 8116 | 5.0 | 41.5 | 14.9 | 3.3 | −16.2 | 7.8 |
97 | Streifel Site 32ML903 | phalanx | 4984 | 3998 | 3913 | 10.5 | 42.4 | 15.2 | 3.3 | −19.3 | 6.5 |
98 | Streifel Site 32ML903 | bone fragment | 7932 | 7793 | 7862 | 3.8 | 42.3 | 14.9 | 3.3 | −19.1 | 8.5 |
99 | Streifel Site 32ML903 | phalanx | na | na | na | <1 | na | na | na | na | na |
100 | TRNP (bull) | M3 | na | na | modern | 13.3 | 42.4 | 15.6 | 3.2 | −21.2 | 5.0 |
101 | TRNP (bull) | molar | na | na | modern | 16.9 | 42.9 | 15.5 | 3.2 | −20.1 | 5.2 |
102 | TRNP (cow) | M3 | na | na | modern | 17.4 | 41.9 | 15.1 | 3.2 | −20.7 | 4.6 |
103 | TRNP (cow) | M3 | na | na | modern | 15.8 | 42.7 | 15.6 | 3.2 | −20.0 | 5.0 |
104 | TRNP (cow) | molar | na | na | modern | 20.4 | 42.3 | 15.5 | 3.2 | −20.8 | 4.7 |