Table 3.
Overview of non-recommended non-pharmacological methods in the management of low back pain
| Intervention | Guidelines |
|---|---|
| Manual therapy | |
| Massage | Germany [40]* |
| Traction | UK [36] |
| Motorized traction | Germany [40] |
| Work hardening | |
| Work hardening/work conditioning | Germany [40]* |
| Acupuncture | |
| Acupuncture | Denmark [37] |
| UK [36] | |
| Ultrasound, electrotherapies, laser therapy, magnet therapy, diathermy | |
| Ultrasound | Germany [40] |
| UK [36] | |
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | Germany [40]*,+ |
| UK [36] | |
| Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) | Germany [40] |
| UK [36] | |
| Interferential therapy | Germany [40] |
| UK [36] | |
| Laser therapy | Germany [40] |
| Magnet therapy | Germany [40] |
| Short-wave diathermy | Germany [40] |
| Others | |
| Cryotherapy | Germany [40] |
| Orthotics (such as belts, corsets, foot orthotics, rocker sole shoes) | Germany [40], specifically (foot) orthotics |
| UK [36] | |
| Kinesio taping | Germany [40] |
USA_ACP American College of Physicians, USA_ICSI Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement
*For acute low back pain patients
+For chronic low back pain patients