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. 2019 Nov 12;9:16574. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53242-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) supplementation exerts metabolic benefits. Body weight changes (A), liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) weights (B), blood glucose (C), plasma insulin (D), glucose tolerance test (GTT) (E), insulin tolerance test (ITT) (F), GLP-1 (G), and PYY levels (H) measured after 4 weeks of normal chow (NC) or high-fat diet (HFD) feeding supplemented with 5% SCFAs. All data are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 8–12). Dunnett’s test; ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, and *P < 0.05, compared with HFD. ^###P < 0.001, ^##P < 0.01, and ^#P < 0.05 (HFD vs. NC), ***P < 0.001 and *P < 0.05 (HFD vs. Ace), ^†††P < 0.001 and ^†P < 0.05 (HFD vs. Pro), ^§§§P < 0.001 and ^§P < 0.05 (HFD vs. But) (A,E,F). Epi: epididymal tissue, Peri: perirenal tissue, Sub: subcutaneous tissue.