Table 1. Selected ongoing studies evaluating various combination strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
| Disease state | Intervention | Combination | Phase | NCT number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anal cancer—metastatic | Nivolumab ± ipilimumab | Dual ICI | 2 | NCT02314169 |
| Avelumab ± cetuximab | EGFR | 2 | NCT03944252 | |
| mDCF ± atezolizumab | Chemo | 2 | NCT03519295 | |
| BTC—advanced | Durva + treme + gem or gem/cis vs. gem/cis | Chemo | 2 | NCT03473574 |
| Pembrolizumab + CapeOx | Chemo | 2 | NCT03111732 | |
| Gem/cis ± pembrolizumab | Chemo | 3 | NCT04003636 | |
| Esophageal cancer—metastatic | Nivolumab + ipilimumab | Dual ICI | 2 | NCT03416244 |
| GE cancer—resectable | Neoadjuvant CapeOx + docetaxel + atezolizumab | Chemo | 2 | NCT03448835 |
| Perioperative atezolizumab + FLOT vs. FLOT | Chemo | 2 | NCT03421288 | |
| Neoadjuvant & adjuvant FOLFOX + pembrolizumab | Chemo | 2 | NCT03488667 | |
| Neoadjuvant & adjuvant chemo ± pembrolizumab | Chemo | 3 | NCT03221426 | |
| Neoadjuvant & adjuvant chemo + avelumab | Chemo | 2 | NCT03979131 | |
| GE cancer—metastatic | Cabozantinib + durva | VEGF | 1 | NCT03539822 |
| Ramucirumab + durva | VEGF | 1 | NCT02572687 | |
| FOLFOX ± nivolumab & ipilimumab | Chemo | 2 | NCT03647969 | |
| Nivolumab + ipilimumab vs. nivolumab + chemo | Chemo/Dual ICI | 3 | NCT02872116 | |
| Ramucirumab + nivolumab | VEGF | 1/2 | NCT02999295 | |
| Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab | VEGF | 2 | NCT03321630 | |
| Pembrolizumab + oxaliplatin + capecitabine | Chemo | 2 | NCT03342937 | |
| Chemotherapy ± pembrolizumab | Chemo | 3 | NCT03675737 | |
| Avelumab + paclitaxel + ramucirumab | Chemo/VEGF | 2 | NCT03966118 | |
| GE cancer—metastatic HER2+ | Nivolumab + trastuzumab + FOLFOX or ipilimumab | Chemo/Dual ICI/EGFR | 2 | NCT03409848 |
| Trastuzumab + chemotherapy ± pembrolizumab | Chemo/EGFR | 3 | NCT03615326 | |
| HCC—resectable | Adjuvant durva + bev vs. durva alone | VEGF | 3 | NCT03847428 |
| HCC—advanced | Durva + treme | Dual ICI | 3 | NCT03298451 |
| Durva or treme monotherapy vs. durva + treme vs. Durva + bev | Dual ICI/VEGF | 2 | NCT02519348 | |
| Cabozantinib + atezolizumab vs. sorafenib | VEGF | 3 | NCT03755791 | |
| Atezolizumab + bev vs. sorafenib | VEGF | 3 | NCT03434379 | |
| Lenvatinib + nivolumab vs. lenvatinib | VEGF | 2/3 | NCT04044651 | |
| Nivolumab + bev | VEGF | 1 | NCT03382886 | |
| Nivolumab + ipilimumab | Dual ICI | 3 | NCT04039607 | |
| Lenvatinib + nivolumab | VEGF | 2 | NCT03841201 | |
| Sorafenib + nivolumab | VEGF | 2 | NCT03439891 | |
| Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab vs. lenvatinib | VEGF | 3 | NCT03713593 | |
| Regorafenib + pembrolizumab | VEGF | 1 | NCT03347292 | |
| Sorafenib + pembrolizumab | VEGF | 1/2 | NCT03211416 | |
| Axitinib + avelumab | VEGF | 1 | NCT03289533 | |
| mCRC | Durva + treme + FOLFOX | Chemo/Dual ICI | 1 | NCT03202758 |
| Durva + treme | Dual ICI | 2 | NCT02870920 | |
| Azacitidine + durva | Chemo | 2 | NCT02811497 | |
| FOLFOXIRI + bev + atezolizumab vs. FOLFOXIRI + bev | Chemo/VEGF | 2 | NCT03721653 | |
| Atezolizumab + bev | VEGF | 2 | NCT02982694 | |
| Capecitabine + bev ± atezolizumab | Chemo/VEGF | 2 | NCT02873195 | |
| Panitumumab + nivolumab + ipilimumab | EGFR/Dual ICI | 2 | NCT03442569 | |
| TAS-102 + nivolumab | Chemo | 2 | NCT02860546 | |
| Pembrolizumab + chemotherapy | Chemo | 2 | NCT02375672 | |
| Regorafenib + pembrolizumab | VEGF | 1/2 | NCT03657641 | |
| Pembrolizumab + binimetinib + bev | MEK/VEGF | 2 | NCT03475004 | |
| Pembrolizumab + capecitabine + bev | Chemo/VEGF | 2 | NCT03396926 | |
| Cetuximab + pembrolizumab | EGFR | 1/2 | NCT02713373 | |
| Pembrolizumab + pemetrexed + oxaliplatin | Chemo | 1 | NCT03626922 | |
| Pembrolizumab + azacitidine | Chemo | 2 | NCT02260440 | |
| Avelumab + cetuximab | EGFR | 2 | NCT03608046 | |
| FOLFOX + cetuximab + avelumab | Chemo/EGFR | 2 | NCT03174405 | |
| mCRC BRAF V600E | Encorafenib + binimetinib + nivolumab | BRAF/MEK | 1/2 | NCT04044430 |
| Encorafenib + cetuximab + nivolumab | BRAF/EGFR | 1/2 | NCT04017650 | |
| mCRC Ras mutant | Binimetinib + nivolumab ± ipilimumab | BRAF/Dual ICI | 1/2 | NCT03271047 |
| Pancreas cancer—advanced | Azacitidine + pembrolizumab | Chemo | 2 | NCT03264404 |
| Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel ± durva + treme | Chemo/Dual ICI | 2 | NCT02879318 | |
| Pancreas cancer—resectable | Neoadjuvant & adjuvant gemcitabine + durva | Chemo | 2 | NCT03572400 |
ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; mDCF, modified docetaxel + cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil; BTC, biliary tree cancer; durva, durvalumab; treme, tremelimumab; gem, gemcitabine; cis, cisplatin; GE, gastroesophageal; CapeOx, capecitabine + oxaliplatin; FLOT, 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin + oxaliplatin + docetaxel; FOLFOX, 5-fluorouracil + oxaliplatin + leucovorin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; bev, bevacizumab; mCRC, metastatic colorectal cancer; FOLFOXIRI, 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin + oxaliplatin + irinotecan.