Table A1.
Database searches for evidence for this document
| The databases/search engines utilized for this set of recommendations included PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, National Guideline Clearinghouse. Only English language papers were included. In many cases thousands of papers were generated. The author responsible for each section reviewed papers for relevance to the specific topics that would be covered and graded the evidence. The search results were then made available for review to the entire group of authors: |
| Age‐related effects section |
| Opioids AND pediatrics AND (pharmacokinetics OR pharmacodynamics) |
| ((“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab]) AND (pediatrics[mesh] OR pediatric[tiab] OR pediatrics[tiab]) AND ((pharmacokinetics[mesh] OR pharmacokinetics[tiab]) OR pharmacodynamics[tiab])) |
| Opioids AND pediatrics AND respiratory depression |
| ((“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab]) AND (pediatrics[mesh] OR pediatric[tiab] OR pediatrics[tiab]) AND (“respiratory insufficiency”[mesh] OR “respiratory insufficiency”[tiab] OR “respiratory depression”[tiab] OR “ventilator depression”[tiab])) |
| Chest wall rigidity |
| (((“thoracic wall”[mesh] OR “thoracic wall”[tiab] OR “chest wall”[tiab]) AND (“muscle rigidity”[mesh] OR rigidity[tiab])) OR (“chest wall rigidity”[tiab] OR “thoracic wall rigidity”[tiab])) |
| Opioids AND metabolism |
| ((“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab]) AND (metabolism[mesh] OR metabolism[tiab])) |
| Neonates AND opioids AND pharmacokinetics |
| ((“infant, newborn”[mesh] OR infant[tiab] OR infants[tiab] OR newborn[tiab] OR newborns[tiab] OR neonate[tiab] OR neonates[tiab]) AND (“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab]) AND (pharmacokinetics[mesh] OR pharmacokinetics[tiab])) |
| Neonates AND opioids AND pharmacodynamics |
| ((“infant, newborn”[mesh] OR infant[tiab] OR infants[tiab] OR newborn[tiab] OR newborns[tiab] OR neonate[tiab] OR neonates[tiab]) AND (“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab]) AND (pharmacodynamics[tiab])) |
| Neonates AND fentanyl |
| ((“infant, newborn”[mesh] OR infant[tiab] OR infants[tiab] OR newborn[tiab] OR newborns[tiab] OR neonate[tiab] OR neonates[tiab]) AND (fentanyl[mesh] OR fentanyl[tiab] OR phentanyl[tiab] OR fentanest[tiab] OR sublimaze[tiab] OR duragesic[tiab] OR durogesic[tiab] OR fentora[tiab])) |
| Neonates AND morphine |
| ((“infant, newborn”[mesh] OR infant[tiab] OR infants[tiab] OR newborn[tiab] OR newborns[tiab] OR neonate[tiab] OR neonates[tiab]) AND (morphine[mesh] OR morphine[tiab] OR contin[tiab] OR oramorph[tiab] OR duramorph[tiab])) |
| Neonates AND sufentanil |
| ((“infant, newborn”[mesh] OR infant[tiab] OR infants[tiab] OR newborn[tiab] OR newborns[tiab] OR neonate[tiab] OR neonates[tiab]) AND (sufentanil[mesh] OR sufentanil[tiab] OR sulfentanyl[tiab] OR sulfentanil[tiab] OR sufenta[tiab] OR sufentanilratiopharm[tiab])) |
| Neonates AND remifentanil |
| ((“infant, newborn”[mesh] OR infant[tiab] OR infants[tiab] OR newborn[tiab] OR newborns[tiab] OR neonate[tiab] OR neonates[tiab]) AND (remifentanil[Supplementary Concept] OR remifentanil[tiab] OR ultiva[tiab])) |
| PCA section |
| Analgesia |
| (analgesia[mesh] OR analgesia[tiab] OR analgesics[mesh] OR analgesics[tiab] OR analgesic[tiab]) |
| Patient‐controlled AND analgesia |
| ((analgesia[mesh] OR analgesia[tiab] OR analgesics[mesh] OR analgesics[tiab] OR analgesic[tiab]) AND “patient controlled”[tiab]) |
| Patient‐controlled AND analgesia AND (child OR pediatrics) |
| (analgesia[mesh] OR analgesia[tiab] OR analgesics[mesh] OR analgesics[tiab] OR analgesic[tiab]) AND “patient controlled”[tiab] AND ((pediatrics[mesh] OR pediatric[tiab] OR pediatrics[tiab]) OR (child[mesh] OR child[tiab] OR children[tiab])) |
| Monitoring section |
| (“monitoring, physiologic”[mesh] OR “drug monitoring”[mesh] OR “drug monitoring”[tiab] OR “monitoring”[tiab]) |
| Opioid administration |
| (“analgesics, opioid/administration”[mesh] OR ((“administration, intravenous”[mesh] OR “drug therapy”[mesh] OR administration[tiab]) AND (“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab]))) |
| Inpatient |
| (Inpatients[mesh] OR inpatients[tiab] OR inpatient[tiab]) |
| Clinical practice guidelines |
| (“practice guidelines as topic”[mesh] OR guideline[publication type] OR guidelines[tiab] OR guideline[tiab]) |
| Patient‐controlled analgesia |
| ((analgesia[mesh] OR analgesia[tiab] OR analgesics[mesh] OR analgesics[tiab] OR analgesic[tiab]) AND (“patient controlled”[tiab] OR “patient controlled analgesia”[tiab])) |
| PCA |
| ((analgesia[mesh] OR analgesia[tiab] OR analgesics[mesh] OR analgesics[tiab] OR analgesic[tiab]) AND (“patient controlled”[tiab] OR “patient controlled analgesia”[tiab] OR PCA[tiab])) |
| Pediatric |
| (pediatrics[mesh] OR pediatric[tiab] OR pediatrics[tiab]) |
| Parent |
| (parents[mesh] OR parents[tiab] OR parent[tiab]) |
| Nurse |
| (nurses[mesh] OR nursing[mesh] OR nurses[tiab] OR nurse[tiab]) |
| PCA by proxy |
| ((analgesia[mesh] OR analgesia[tiab] OR analgesics[mesh] OR analgesics[tiab] OR analgesic[tiab]) AND (“patient controlled”[tiab] OR “patient controlled analgesia”[tiab] OR PCA[tiab]) AND (proxy[mesh] OR proxy[tiab])) |
| Critical events in inpatient receiving opioid |
| ((“medical errors”[mesh] OR “medical errors”[tiab] OR “medical error”[tiab] OR “medical mistakes”[tiab] OR “medical mistake”[tiab] OR “wrong procedure errors”[tiab] OR “wrong procedure error”[tiab] OR “critical medical incidents”[tiab] OR “critical medical incident”[tiab] OR “critical incidents”[tiab] OR “critical incident”[tiab] OR “never events”[tiab] OR “never event”[tiab] OR “critical events”[tiab] OR “critical event”[tiab]) AND (Inpatients[mesh] OR inpatients[tiab] OR inpatient[tiab]) AND (“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab])) |
| Critical event alerts networked monitoring |
| ((“medical errors”[mesh] OR “medical errors”[tiab] OR “medical error”[tiab] OR “medical mistakes”[tiab] OR “medical mistake”[tiab] OR “wrong procedure errors”[tiab] OR “wrong procedure error”[tiab] OR “critical medical incidents”[tiab] OR “critical medical incident”[tiab] OR “critical incidents”[tiab] OR “critical incident”[tiab] OR “never events”[tiab] OR “never event”[tiab] OR “critical events”[tiab] OR “critical event”[tiab]) AND (“monitoring, physiologic”[mesh] OR “drug monitoring”[mesh] OR “drug monitoring”[tiab] OR “event monitoring”[tiab] OR “monitoring”[tiab])) |
| Hospital surveillance for critical events |
| ((“medical errors”[mesh] OR “medical errors”[tiab] OR “medical error”[tiab] OR “medical mistakes”[tiab] OR “medical mistake”[tiab] OR “wrong procedure errors”[tiab] OR “wrong procedure error”[tiab] OR “critical medical incidents”[tiab] OR “critical medical incident”[tiab] OR “critical incidents”[tiab] OR “critical incident”[tiab] OR “never events”[tiab] OR “never event”[tiab] OR “critical events”[tiab] OR “critical event”[tiab]) AND (“monitoring, physiologic”[mesh] OR monitoring[tiab] “event monitoring”[tiab] OR surveillance[tiab])) |
| Respiratory monitoring technologies |
| ((“monitoring, physiologic”[mesh] OR “drug monitoring”[mesh] OR “drug monitoring”[tiab] OR “monitoring”[tiab]) AND (“respiratory rate”[mesh] OR “respiratory rate”[tiab]) AND (technology[mesh] OR technology[tiab])) |
| Adult and pediatric |
| ((adult[mesh] OR adult[tiab]) AND (pediatrics[mesh] OR pediatric[tiab] OR pediatrics[tiab])) |
| Smart systems |
| (“smart systems”[tiab] OR “smart system”[tiab] OR (smart[tiab] AND (systems[tiab] OR system[tiab]))) |
| Monitoring pain levels section |
| Opioid |
| (“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab])) |
| Pain assessment |
| (“pain measurement”[mesh] OR “pain measurement”[tiab] OR “pain measurements”[tiab] OR “pain assessment”[tiab] OR “pain assessments”[tiab] OR “analgesia test”[tiab] OR “analgesia tests”[tiab] OR “nociception test”[tiab] OR “nociception tests”[tiab] OR “pain questionnaire”[tiab] OR “pain questionnaires”[tiab] OR “pain scale”[tiab] |
| OR “pain scales”[tiab] OR “formalin test”[tiab] OR “formalin test”[tiab] OR “pain test”[tiab] OR “pain tests”[tiab]) |
| Children |
| (child[mesh] OR child[tiab] OR children[tiab]) |
| Human |
| (humans[mesh] OR humans[tiab] OR human[tiab]) |
| Side effects section |
| Infant |
| (infant[mesh] OR infant[tiab] OR infants[tiab]) |
| Neonate |
| (“infant, newborn”[mesh] OR infant[tiab] OR infants[tiab] OR newborn[tiab] OR newborns[tiab] OR neonate[tiab] OR neonates[tiab]) |
| Child |
| (child[mesh] OR child[tiab] OR children[tiab]) |
| Adolescent/teen |
| (adolescent[mesh] OR adolescent[tiab] OR adolescents[tiab] OR teen[tiab] OR teens[tiab] OR teenager[tiab] OR teenagers[tiab] OR youth[tiab] OR youths[tiab]) |
| Toddler pediatric AND opioid or opiate |
| (((toddler[tiab] OR toddlers[tiab]) AND (pediatrics[mesh] OR pediatric[tiab] OR pediatrics[tiab])) AND ((“analgesics, opioid”[mesh] OR opioid[tiab] OR opioids[tiab]) OR (“opiate alkaloids”[mesh] OR “opiate alkaloids”tiab] OR “opiate alkaloid”[tiab] OR “alkaloid opiates”[tiab] OR “alkaloid opiate”[tiab] OR opiates[tiab] OR opiate[tiab]))) |
| Pruritis |
| (pruritis[mesh] OR pruritis[tiab] OR itching[tiab]) |
| Urinary retention |
| (“urinary retention”[mesh] OR “urinary retention”[tiab]) |
| Constipation |
| (constipation[mesh] OR constipation[tiab] OR dyschezia[tiab] OR “colonic intertia”[tiab]) |
| Drug‐related side effects |
| (“drug‐related side effects and adverse reactions”[mesh] OR (“drug‐related side effects and adverse reactions”[tiab] OR “side effects of drugs”[tiab] OR “drug side effects”[tiab] “drug side effect”[tiab] OR “adverse drug reactions”[tiab] OR “adverse drug reaction”[tiab] OR “adverse drug events”[tiab] OR “adverse drug event”[tiab] OR “drug toxicity”[tiab] OR “drug toxicities”[tiab]) |
| Paralytic ileus |
| (“intestinal pseudo‐obstruction”[mesh] OR “intestinal pseudo‐obstruction”[tiab] OR “intestinal pseudo‐obstructions”[tiab] OR “paralytic ileus”[tiab] OR “visceral myopathy”[tiab] OR “visceral myopathies”[tiab]) |
| Ileus |
| (ileus[mesh] OR ileus[tiab]) |
| Perioperative |
| (“perioperative period”[mesh] OR “perioperative period”[tiab] OR “perioperative”[tiab]) |
| Methylnaltrexone OR alvimopan |
| ((methylnaltrexone [Supplementary Concept] OR methylnaltrexone[tiab] OR “quaternary ammonium naltrexone”[tiab] OR “naltrexone methylbromide”[tiab] OR relistor[tiab] OR “naltrexonium methiodide”[tiab]) OR (alvimopan[Supplementary Concept] OR alvimopan[tiab] OR entereg[tiab])) |
| Opioid treatment of the patient with chronic pain scheduled for major surgery section |
| Chronic pain and chronic opioids |
| (“narcotic dependence” [mesh] or “opiate dependence”[mesh] or “chronic narcotic”[mesh} AND “Anesthesia/ or anesthesia surgery” [tiab} OR “General Surgery/ Perioperative Nursing/ or perioperative” [tiab] or “Perioperative Care/ or Perioperative Period postoperative” [tiab] or “Postoperative Care” OR “Pain, Postoperative/ or Postoperative Complications” or “Postoperative Period” [tiab]) |
| Central sensitization |
| (“fibromyalgia” OR “Fibromyalgia”[mesh] AND “methadone” [mesh] OR “Methadone/ buprenorphine” [mesh] OR “Buprenorphine Opiate Substitution Treatment”[mesh] OR “opioid maintenance”[mesh] or S”ubstance Withdrawal Syndrome”[mesh]) |
Abbreviation: pca, patient‐controlled analgesia.