Table 1.
Knowledge improvement scores by question for 235 students aged 13–16 years after using the debate kit in small groups.
| Question | Students before; after if different (n) |
Correct before teaching (%) | OR before teaching (95% CI) |
Correct after teaching (%) | OR after teaching (95% CI) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antibiotics can cure the common cold. | - | 80.0 | 1.0 | 96.2 | 7.34 (3.13–17.2) | < 0.001 |
| 2 | Antibiotics don’t harm ‘good’ bacteria. | - | 64.3 | 1.0 | 87.2 | 6.90 (3.44–13.8) | < 0.001 |
| 3 | There are more ‘bad’ bacteria than ‘good’ | ||||||
| Female | - | 80.5 | 1.0 | 71.5 | 0.45 (0.21–0.98) | 0.01 | |
| Male | 74.1 | 0.70 (0.26–1.87) | 81.3 | 1.34 (0.49–3.72) | |||
| 4 | Only certain type of bacteria can become resistant. | - | 48.1 | 1.0 | 80.4 | 16.2 (6.57–40.0) | < 0.001 |
| 5 | Farm animals use the most antibiotics | ||||||
| Private | - | 69.6 | 1.0 | 65.9 | 0.83 (0.48–1.42) | 0.003* | |
| State Secondary | 58.5 | 0.95 (0.28–3.25) | 81.7 | 3.35 (0.95–11.8) | |||
| UTC | 50.0 | 1.10 (0.30–4.07) | 83.3 | 6.21 (1.28–30.1) | |||
| 6 | Antibiotics can be used as painkillers. | - | 51.1 | 1.0 | 80.4 | 5.90 (3.35–10.4) | < 0.001 |
| 7 | New antibiotics can be easily created. | - | 83.8 | 1.0 | 92.3 | 3.00 (1.47–6.13) | 0.003 |
| 8 | You can only pass on antibiotic resistant bacteria if you have an infection. | ||||||
| Oxfordshire | - | 54.0 | 1.0 | 82.0 | 4.81 (1.76–13.2) | 0.001† | |
| Bristol | 60.8 | 3.11 (1.04–9.32) | 62.5 | 3.37 (1.12–10.1) | 0.02‡ | ||
| South Gloucestershire | 73.8 | 1.80 (0.55–5.86) | 61.5 | 0.96 (0.30–3.04) | |||
| Female | 65.9 | 1.0 | 61.8 | 0.82 (0.44–1.44) | |||
| Male | 59.8 | 0.79 (0.44–1.44) | 71.4 | 1.40 (0.47–2.91) | |||
| 9 | The more we use antibiotics, the more antibiotic-resistant microbes appear. | - | 87.2 | 1.0 | 93.2 | 2.40 (1.15–5.03) | 0.02 |
| 11 | People can carry antibiotic resistant bacteria without symptoms. | ||||||
| Oxfordshire | - | ||||||
| Female | 78.1 | 1.0 | 87.5 | 2.89 (0.52–16.0) | |||
| Male | 94.4 | 25.5 (0.97–670) | 66.7 | 1.02 (0.10–10.5) | 0.02 | ||
| Bristol | |||||||
| Female | 84.9 | 5.91 (0.54–64.5) | 81.8 | 4.22 (0.40–44.5) | |||
| Male | 83.3 | 4.84 (0.44–53.9) | 88.9 | 9.65 (0.79–118) | |||
| South Gloucestershire | |||||||
| Female | 84.0 | 0.63 (0.05–7.49) | 88.0 | 1.01 (0.08–13.2) | |||
| Male | 75.0 | 0.27 (0.03–2.52) | 95.0 | 3.69 (0.26–52.5) | |||
| 12 | People can’t die from an antibiotic-resistant infection. | 234; 235 | 82.1 | 1.0 | 86.4 | 1.57 (0.87–2.85) | 0.14 |
| 13 | Most antibiotics are prescribed by GPs outside of hospitals. | - | 80.4 | 1.0 | 85.5 | 1.55 (0.90–2.64) | 0.11 |
| 14 | Microbes can only be resistant to one type of antibiotics. | - | 72.3 | 1.0 | 85.5 | 3.23 (1.77–5.90) | < 0.001 |
| 15 | Antibiotics can kill a) bacteria only b) viruses only c) both |
234; 235 | 78.6 | 1.0 | 100.0 | n.e. (13.1–∞) | < 0.001 |
| 16 | How should you take antibiotics? a) until you feel better a) for the full length of the course b) make sure to save some for next time |
232; 233 | 88.7 | 1.0 | 100.0 | n.e. (6.56–∞) | < 0.001 |
| 17 | Who becomes resistant due to overuse of
antibiotics? a) people b) animals c) bacteria d) viruses |
227; 232 | 85.5 | 1.0 | 94.0 | 5.75 (1.96–22.9) | < 0.001 |
*
P value for interaction between period (before/after) and school type.
†
P value for interaction between period and region.
‡
P value for interaction between period and gender.
§
P value for interaction between period, gender and region.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.