Table 1.

Baseline characteristics and model inputs for the cost‐effectiveness model

Parameters	Base‐case value (95% CI)	Distribution	Data source [Ref.]
Baseline population characteristics
Demographic characteristics
Mean age, years	63		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
Women, %	29		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
BMI ≥ 30, %	52		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
HbA1c ≥ 69 mmol/mol (8.5%)	31		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
CV history, %
Non‐fatal stroke	23		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
Non‐fatal MI	47		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
CABG	25		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
MCAD	47		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
SVCAD	10		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
PAD	21		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
eGFR, %
≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2	22		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
60 to < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2	52		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
<60 ml/min/1.73 m2	26		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME 6
Geographical region, %
Africa	4		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME6
Asia	19		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME6
Europe	41		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME6
Latin America	15		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME6
North America	20		EMPA‐REG OUTCOME6
Empagliflozin daily drug cost, £	1.31		MIMS Drug Database8
Cost per episode of clinical events, £
Non‐fatal MI	8120	Gamma	Alva et al., 20159
Non‐fatal stroke	11 921	Gamma	Alva et al., 20159
Unstable angina	5186	Gamma	Clarke et al., 200310
Heart failure	5001	Gamma	Alva et al., 20159
Transient ischemic attack	5654	Gamma	Ward et al., 201211
Revascularization	6192	Gamma	Cassar, 200612
CV death	3684	Gamma	Alva et al., 20159
Macro‐albuminuria	8896	Gamma	Gordios et al., 200413
Renal injury	676	Gamma	Kent et al., 201514
Renal failure	44,876	Gamma	NICE technology appraisal 33615
Baseline utility value	0.785	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Utility decrements for clinical events
Non‐fatal MI	−0.047 (−0.057, −0.036)	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Non‐fatal stroke	−0.060 (−0.074, −0.046)	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Unstable angina	−0.047 (−0.057, −0.036)	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Heart failure	−0.050 (−0.064, −0.036)	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Transient ischemic attack	−0.070 (−0.131, −0.008)	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Revascularization	−0.030 (−0.036, −0.024)	Beta	Lindgren et al., 200717
Macro‐albuminuria	−0.038 (−0.059, −0.016)	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Renal injury	−0.038 (−0.059, −0.016)	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Renal failure	−0.038 (−0.059, −0.016)	Beta	Sullivan et al., 2015 16
Utility effect of multiple events (additive to utility)
2 events	0.017		Sullivan et al., 2015 16
3 events	0.042		Sullivan et al., 2015 16
4 events	0.070		Sullivan et al., 2015 16
≥ 5 events	0.087		Sullivan et al., 2015 16

CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CV, cardiovascular; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, hazard ratio; MCAD, multivessel coronary artery disease; MI, myocardial infarction; NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SVCAD, single vessel coronary artery disease