Table 2.

Synovial Fluid

Marker	Primary (n = 21)Mean ± SEM (pg/ml)	All Revisions (n = 24)Mean ± SEM (pg/ml)	Primary vs. Revision TKA		Osteolysis, Loose Components (n = 11)Mean ± SEM (pg/ml)	Primary Laxity Pattern (n = 7)Mean ± SEM (pg/ml)	Progression of OA (PFJ Replacement, n = 1)Mean ± SEM (pg/ml)	Clinical Diagnosis of Fibrosis (n = 7)Mean ± SEM (pg/ml)
			p Value	Significance
GM‐CSF	0.5 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.3	<0.01	**	1.8 ± 0.5	0.5 ± 0.2	0	1.6 ± 0.5
IL‐5	0.4 ± 0.1	2.2 ± 0.8	<0.001	***	1.6 ± 0.4	4.1 ± 2.7	0	1.2 ± 0.4
IL‐8	80 ± 31	3,147 ± 1,552	<0.0001	****	6,296 ± 3,996	777 ± 215	61	1,907 ± 829
IL‐10	0.8 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 0.4	<0.0001	****	2.6 ± 0.9	0.8 ± 0.2	0	1.2 ± 0.6
CCL2	417 ± 38	5,285 ± 1,004	<0.0001	****	5,902 ± 1,233	3233 ± 791	318	7,254 ± 2,824
CCL3	15.6 ± 3.3	177 ± 51	<0.0001	****	285 ± 125	96 ± 16	16	142 ± 54
CCL4	69.6 ± 8	258 ± 54	<0.0001	****	368 ±  ± 131	213 ± 39	36	192 ± 51
CCL13	42.5 ± 20	220 ± 76	<0.0001	****	211 ± 92	67 ± 22	14	211 ± 92
Flt‐1	97.6 ± 12	1575 ± 612	<0.0001	****	3,025 ± 1,512	391 ± 170	33	1,116 ± 443
VEGF	396.1 ± 46	1724 ± 268	<0.0001	****	1,589 ± 220	1,081 ± 292	133	2,768 ± 680
VCAM‐1	105,613 ± 7,290	134,770 ± 7,434	<0.05	*	138,249 ± 10,066	151,817 ± 15,596	96,090	118,775 ± 13,418
ICAM‐1	862,890 ± 12,439	150,915 ± 24118	<0.05	*	189,061 ± 39,854	168,010 ± 58,990	31,383	101,851 ± 18,441

Levels of markers in synovial fluid. Comparing revision vs. primary synovial fluid all markers were significantly upregulated (p ≤ 0.05, U test). No significant differences were seen comparing different indications for revision surgery (p ≥ 0.05).

GM‐CSF, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; ICAM‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL, interleukin; VCAM‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

^* p < 0.05.

^** p < 0.01.

^*** p < 0.001.

^**** p < 0.0001.