Table 6.
Seroprevalence of Cache Valley virus reported in human populations between 1956 and 2009 in 20 studies
| Country/Regiona | Sampling date | Study design | Population | Positive/N | Proportion positive (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North America | ||||||
| Canada | ||||||
| Manitoba | 2009 | Prevalence Survey | Suspected West Nile cases. | 9/55 | 16.4 | Dimitrova et al. (2011) |
| Saskatchewan | 2009 | Prevalence Survey | Suspected West Nile cases. | 9/216 | 4.2 | Dimitrova et al. (2011) |
| Mexico | ||||||
| Chiapas & Tabasco | 1969 | Prevalence Survey | Outpatients; Men in factories, prisons, and the army | 1/46 | 2.2 | Goldsmith et al. (1979) |
| Coatetelco | 1961 | Prevalence Survey | Humans age 41–75 | 0/20 | 0 | Scherer, Campillo‐Sainz, Dickerman, Diaz‐Najera, and Madalengoitia (1967) |
| Oaxaca | 1969 | Prevalence Survey | Outpatients; Men in factories, prisons, and the army | 13/493 | 2.6 | Goldsmith et al. (1979) |
| Tlacotalpan | 1961 | Prevalence Survey | Humans age 20–41 | 0/20 | 0 | Scherer et al. (1967) |
| Tlacotalpan | 1961 | Prevalence Survey | Humans age 41–75 | 7/18 | 38.9 | Scherer et al. (1967) |
| Campeche, Quintana Roo & Yucatan | 2007 | Prevalence Survey | Febrile patients | 18/146b | 12.3 | Blitvich, Lorono‐Pino, et al. (2012) |
| USA | ||||||
| Alaska | 1983–1986 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 0/90 | 0 | Walters, Tirrell, and Shope (1999) |
| California | 1987 | Prevalence Survey | Outpatients; Outdoor workers | 0/235 | 0 | Campbell, Reeves, Hardy, and Eldridge (1992) |
| California | 1988 | Prevalence Survey | Outpatients; Outdoor workers | 0/118 | 0 | Campbell et al. (1992) |
| Colorado | 2008–2009 | Prevalence Survey | Rocky Mountain National Park Employees | 2/60 | 3.3 | Kosoy et al. (2016) |
| Florida | 1960 | Cross‐sectional | Humans aged 1–15 living a reservation | 2/5 | 40.0 | Work (1964)c |
| Florida | 1960 | Cross‐sectional | Humans age 16 + living in a reservation | 12/60 | 20.0 | Work (1964)c |
| Illinois | 1964 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 1/59 | 1.7 | Kokernot et al. (1969) |
| Indiana | 1989–1990 | Prevalence Survey | Hospital patients | 36/2696 | 1.3 | Heard (1997) |
| Indiana | 1990–1993 | Prevalence Survey | Individuals with CNS infections | 3/244 | 1.2 | Heard (1997) |
| Indiana | 1993–1994 | Cross‐sectional | Live birth cord samples | 32/1088 | 2.9 | Nowicki (1996) |
| Kentucky | 1965 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 3/55 | 5.5 | Kokernot et al. (1969) |
| Kentucky | 1966 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 2/72 | 2.8 | Kokernot et al. (1969) |
| Maryland | 1962–1963 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 9/180 | 5.0 | Buescher et al. (1970)c |
| Tennessee | 2008–2009 | Prevalence Survey | Great Smoky Mountain National Park Employees | 2/75 | 2.7 | Kosoy et al. (2016) |
| Utah | 1956 | Prevalence Survey | Humans in the vicinity of the first CVV isolations | 0/5 | 0 | Holden and Hess (1959) |
| Virginia | 1961 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 33/176 | 18.7 | Buescher et al. (1970)c |
| Wyoming | 2010 | Prevalence Survey | Grand Teton National Park seasonal employees | 5/160 | 3.1 | Kosoy et al. (2016) |
| South America | ||||||
| Argentina | ||||||
| Buenos Aires, Mendoza & Tucumán | 1961 | Prevalence Survey | Healthy males 20–40 years | 4/175 | 2.3 | Mettler, Parodi, and Casals (1963) |
| Córdoba & Litoral | 1961–1963 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 6/213 | 2.8 | Sabattini et al. (1965)c |
| Córdoba | 2004–2005 | Prevalence Survey | Outpatients | 40/638 | 6.3 | Tauro, Almeida, and Contigiani (2009)c |
| Guyana | ||||||
| Upper Takutu‐Upper Essequibo | 1956 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 4/18 | 22.2 | Downs et al. (1961)c |
| Upper Takutu‐Upper Essequibo | 1959 | Prevalence Survey | General population | 4/8 | 50.0 | Downs et al. (1961)c |
| Jamaica | ||||||
| Kingston, Portland, St. Andrew, St. James & St. Thomas | 1963–1964 | Prevalence Survey | Children and adults; positive results were mainly children under 5 | 29/531 | 5.5 | Belle, Grant and Griffiths (1966) |
| Portland, St. Andrew & St. Thomas | 1963–1967 | Prevalence Survey | Humans age 5–15 | 0/25 | 0 | Belle, King, Griffiths, and Grant (1980) |
| Portland, St. Andrew & St. Thomas | 1963–1967 | Prevalence Survey | Humans age 15+ | 5/77 | 6.5 | Belle et al. (1980) |
| NRd | 1989e | Prevalence Survey | Individuals with and without HTLV−1 antibodies | 16/200 | 8.0 | Murphy, Calisher, Figueroa, Gibbs, and Blattner (1989) |
| Trinidad | ||||||
| Port of Spain | 1961e | Prevalence Survey | Field staff members of the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory | 4/11 | 36.4 | Downs et al. (1961)c |
| Sangre Grande | 1961e | Prevalence Survey | General population | 15/46 | 32.6 | Downs et al. (1961)c |
a
Region is the state or province studied as described by the author.
b
Number of positive cases estimated from data provided in the study.
c
The antigenic test employed was developed using isolate BeAr 7272 (Buescher et al., 1970; Work, 1964), TR 20659 (Downs et al., 1961) and CbaAr‐ 426 (Sabattini et al., 1965), which have been reclassified as Maguari virus (Groseth et al., 2017). CVV and Maguari virus isolates were shown to be indistinguishable antigenically at the time of these studies (Casals & Whitman, 1960).
d
NR = data not recorded.
e
Publication date reported as study date was not available.