Table 3.
List of ketamine enantiomers, ketamine metabolites, and NMDAR‐related compounds as novel antidepressants
| Drug | Company or institute | Mechanisms | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| (S)‐Ketamine (Esketamine) | Janssen/J&J | NMDAR antagonist | Approved |
| (R)‐Ketamine (Arketamine, PCN 101) | Perception Neuroscience | NMDAR antagonist | Phase 1 in 2019 |
| (2R,6R)‐Hydroxynorketamine | NIMH, USA | AMPAR activator | Phase 1 in 2019 |
| Rapastinel | Allergan | NMDAR modulator | Phase 3 (negative of three phase 3 trials) |
| AV‐101 | VistaGen Therapeutics | NMDAR antagonist | Phase 2 (negative Phase 2 trials) |
| (L‐4‐chlorokynurenine) | |||
| NRX‐101 | NeuroRx Pharma | NMDAR modulator plus | Phase 2 |
| (D‐cycloserine plus lurasidone) | 5‐HT2A receptor antagonist | ||
| AGN‐241751 | Allergan | NMDAR modulator | Phase 1 |
| AXS‐05 (dextromethorphan plus bupropion) | Axsome Therapeutics | NMDAR antagonist plus norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor | Phase 1 |
From Reardon59 with a slight modification. AMPAR, AMPA receptor; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; NMDAR, NMDA receptor.