Table 3.

Results of linear mixed models for invertebrate community variables in summer, autumn, and winter and for individual orders^a in summer and autumn

Fixed effects variable	df	F	P	Contrasts
				Low‐medium	Low‐high	Medium‐high
Order richness
Summer, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,41.5	0.97	0.388	1.000	0.433	0.508
Height	2,41.5	16.22	<0.001	0.891	H > L, <0.0001	H > M, <0.001
Autumn, untransformed
Diversity	2,41.2	2.86	0.069	0.340	0.059	0.750
Height	2,41.2	17.41	<0.001	M > L, <0.001	H > L, <0.0001	0.921
Winter, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,25.0	0.88	0.426	0.476	0.836	0.795
Height	2,25.0	6.73	0.005	0.979	H > L, 0.019	0.068
Coleoptera, family richness
Summer, untransformed
Diversity	2,24.0	6.65	0.005	0.984	H > L, 0.009	H > M, 0.014
Height	2,24.0	0.14	0.874	0.938	0.867	0.984
Autumn, untransformed
Diversity	2,27.0	0.88	0.426	0.536	0.990	0.457
Height	2,27.0	2.62	0.091	0.098	0.206	0.914
Invertebrate abundance
Summer, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,41.4	0.11	0.892	0.992	0.931	0.897
Height	2,41.4	5.35	0.009	0.538	H > L, 0.007	0.128
Autumn, square‐root‐transformed
Diversity	2,42.1	4.05	0.025	0.107	L > H, 0.028	0.927
Height	2,42.1	2.93	0.064	0.059	0.792	0.198
Winter, 1/4‐power‐transformed
Diversity	2,25.0	0.85	0.440	0.510	0.719	0.917
Height	2,25.0	6.80	0.004	0.983	H > L, 0.018	0.065
Invertebrate biomass
Summer, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.6	2.66	0.085	0.187	0.871	0.079
Height	2,33.6	6.82	0.003	M > L, 0.006	H > L, 0.016	0.822
Autumn, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,38.0	0.00	0.996	0.997	0.997	1.000
Height	2,38.0	5.34	0.009	M > L, 0.040	H > L, 0.012	0.941
Acari
Summer, 1/4‐power‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.4	0.03	0.972	0.983	0.998	0.971
Height	2,33.4	0.73	0.490	0.781	0.461	0.897
Autumn, square‐root‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.6	0.08	0.924	0.967	0.920	0.994
Height	2,33.6	0.36	0.701	0.990	0.704	0.813
Araneae
Summer, 1/4‐power‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.5	0.73	0.492	0.940	0.470	0.753
Height	2,33.5	4.18	0.024	0.610	H > L, 0.020	0.213
Autumn, square‐root‐transformed
Diversity	2,38.0	0.76	0.473	0.501	0.607	0.964
Height	2,38.0	2.09	0.138	0.236	0.165	0.995
Coleoptera
Summer, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.0	3.62	0.038	0.784	H > L, 0.034	0.226
Height	2,32.9	9.28	0.001	M > L, 0.013	H > L, 0.001	0.678
Autumn, 1/4‐power‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.2	1.78	0.184	0.648	0.159	0.709
Height	2,33.1	15.99	<0.001	M > L, <0.0001	H > L, <0.001	0.640
Collembola
Summer, 1/3‐power‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.9	1.21	0.311	0.977	0.318	0.517
Height	2,33.8	1.42	0.255	0.392	0.282	0.992
Autumn, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,34.3	2.22	0.124	0.362	0.118	0.893
Height	2,34.2	2.22	0.124	0.870	0.119	0.343
Diptera
Summer, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,38.0	4.37	0.020	1.000	H > L, 0.032	0.054
Height	2,38.0	4.85	0.013	0.994	H > L, 0.023	H > M, 0.039
Autumn, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,34.1	1.55	0.227	0.271	0.347	0.950
Height	2,34.1	1.19	0.316	0.879	0.547	0.309
Hemiptera
Summer, 1/5‐power‐transformed
Diversity	2,38.0	2.83	0.071	0.622	L > H, 0.058	0.442
Height	2,38.0	16.92	<0.001	M > L, 0.001	H > L, <0.0001	0.351
Autumn, 1/5‐power‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.9	7.41	0.002	L > M, 0.026	L > H, 0.003	0.867
Height	2,33.8	5.24	0.010	M > L, 0.020	1.000	M > H, 0.018
Hymenoptera
Summer, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.8	2.65	0.086	0.930	0.087	0.264
Height	2,33.8	3.5	0.041	0.447	H > L, 0.032	0.435
Autumn, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,34.3	0.08	0.924	0.970	0.982	0.917
Height	2,34.1	10.46	<0.001	M > L, 0.001	0.965	M > H, 0.001
Psocodea
Autumn, 1/5‐power‐transformed
Diversity	2,38.0	0.74	0.483	0.451	0.869	0.732
Height	2,38.0	34.33	<0.001	M > L, <0.001	H > L, <0.0001	H > M, 0.004
Thysanoptera
Summer, ln(x + 1)‐transformed
Diversity	2,33.4	2.86	0.071	0.937	0.074	0.231
Height	2,33.4	13.52	<0.001	0.056	H > L, <0.0001	0.051
Autumn, 1/4‐power transformed
Diversity	2,33.8	17.17	<0.001	L > M, <0.001	L > H, <0.0001	1.000
Height	2,33.8	5.58	0.008	0.330	H > L, 0.006	0.228

Significant effects (P < 0.05) are indicated in boldface type. Contrasts are the results of least‐squares means (see subsection Plants and invertebrates: effects of vegetation height and diversity treatments for details). Where there was a significant difference between treatments, the direction of the effect is indicated. For analyses of separate orders, only results for taxa with more than 1,000 individuals are presented (Appendix S1: Table S4). Refer to Fig. 2 for the differences between treatment means.

^aTaxa with fewer than 1,000 individuals in total and not included here: Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Gastropoda, Dermaptera, Diplura, Ephemeroptera, Isopoda, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Opiliones, Orthoptera, Psocodea (summer), Zygentoma.