Table 4.
Multilevel regression analyses (VPA as reference group): Significant differences on child behavior problems
| CBCL | Social problems | Attention problems | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | CI | P | B (SE) | CI | P | |
| Intercept | 47.0 (2.5) | 42.1 to 52.0 | 0.000 | 84.7 (14.0) | 57.0 to 112.3 | 0.000 |
| Fathera | −0.7 (0.4) | −1.6 to 0.2 | 0.107 | −0.4 (0.4) | −1.2 to 0.3 | 0.266 |
| CBZ | −2.5 (1.4) | −5.3 to 0.2 | 0.072b | −2.3 (1.4) | −5.1 to 0.5 | 0.106 |
| LTG | −2.8 (1.2) | −5.2 to −0.4 | 0.022* | −2.2 (1.3) | −4.7 to 0.3 | 0.078b |
| LEV | −3.2 (1.5) | −6.1 to −0.3 | 0.028* | −3.7 (1.5) | −6.7 to −0.8 | 0.013* |
| Maternal behavioral problems | 0.3 (0.04) | 0.2 to 0.4 | 0.000** | 0.2 (0.04) | 0.1 to 0.3 | 0.000** |
| Maternal education | −2.0 (0.8) | −3.6 to −0.4 | 0.016* | −3.3 (0.9) | −5.0 to −1.6 | 0.000** |
| Breast‐feeding | −2.1 (1.0) | −4.0 to −0.1 | 0.038* | — | — | — |
| Age of child | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Epilepsy type | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Gestational age | — | — | — | −0.9 (0.3) | −1.6 to −0.2 | 0.011 |
| Alcohol exposure 1st trimester | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Nicotine exposure 2nd/3rd trimester | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Random intercept: family variance | 0.0 (0.0) | — | — | 1.2 (7.6) | 0.874 | |
| Random intercept: child variance | 20.4 (3.2) | 15.1 to 27.7 | 0.000 | 21.2 (8.1) | 10.0 to 45.0 | 0.009 |
| SEV | ADHD total | ADHD attention deficit | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | CI | P | B (SE) | CI | P | |
| Intercept | 110.2 (56.5) | −1.2 to 221.6 | 0.063 | 106.6 (50.4) | 7.2 to 206.0 | 0.036 |
| Fathera | −3.9 (1.9) | −7.6 to −0.3 | 0.036 | −3.1 (1.9) | −7.0 to 0.7 | 0.109 |
| CBZ | −3.4 (5.7) | −14.7 to 7.8 | 0.548 | −5.6 (4.8) | −15.0 to 3.8 | 0.242 |
| LTG | −6.2 (5.1) | −16.2 to 3.8 | 0.221 | −4.7 (4.2) | −12.9 to 3.6 | 0.266 |
| LEV | −13.2 (6.0) | −25.1 to −1.3 | 0.030* | −11.7 (5.1) | −21.7 to −1.7 | 0.022* |
| Maternal behavioral problems | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.5 to 1.3 | 0.000 | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.3 to 0.9 | 0.000** |
| Maternal education | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Breast‐feeding | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Age of child | — | — | — | 0.4 (0.2) | −0.04 to 0.8 | 0.073b |
| Epilepsy type | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Gestational age | −2.2 (1.4) | 0.5 to 1.3 | 0.102 | −2.7 (1.2) | −5.0 to −0.4 | 0.020* |
| Alcohol exposure 1st trimester | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Nicotine exposure 2nd/3rd trimester | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Random intercept: family variance | 173.6 (84.7) | 66.7 to 452.0 | 0.041 | 47.3 (73.0) | 2.3 to 973.9 | 0.517 |
| Random intercept: child variance | 142.9 (80.8) | 47.1 to 433.0 | 0.077 | 121.6 (79.3) | 33.9 to 436.8 | 0.125 |
Maternal behavioral problems: measured with the Adult Self Report (interval); maternal education: received higher education (yes/no, dichotomous); breast‐feeding (yes/no, dichotomous); age of child at time of study (mo); epilepsy type: generalized epilepsy (yes, no, dichotomous); gestational age (wk); alcohol or nicotine exposure (yes, no, dichotomous).
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder; B, unstandardized coefficients; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CBZ, carbamazepine; CI, confidence interval; LEV, levetiracetam; LTG, lamotrigine; SE, standard error; SEV, Social Emotional Questionnaire; VPA, valproate.
As both parents are included in the analyses, this variable shows possible differences between mother and father report on child behavioral outcomes.
P <0.10.
*P < 0.05.
**P < 0.001.