Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Characteristic | Unit | Group | Group difference P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training (n = 96) | Control (n = 32) | Crude | Adjusted (Bonf.‐Holm) | |||
| Age | y | Mean ± SD | 56.5 ± 9.1 | 60.2 ± 9.8 | 0.054 | 1 |
| BMI | kg/m2 | Median (IQR) | 28.2 (25.6‐30.5) | 27.4 (25.1‐30.1) | 0.44 | 1 |
| Resting heart rate | bpm | Mean ± SD | 70.2 ± 12.8 | 67.0 ± 10.6 | 0.21 | 1 |
| Maximal heart rate | bpm | Mean ± SD | 137.1 ± 19.9 | 131.5 ± 22 | 0.18 | 1 |
| Maximal power output | W/kg | Mean ± SD | 1.96 ± 0.53 | 1.85 ± 0.45 | 0.28 | 1 |
| Degree of heart rate deflection (K HR) | Mean ± SD | 0.22 ± 0.29 | 0.27 ± 0.18 | 0.31 | 1 | |
| Current β‐blocker use | n (%) | 65 (67.7) | 24 (75) | 0.44 | 1 | |
| Current low‐dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) intake | n (%) | 86 (89.6) | 31 (96.9) | 0.12 | 1 | |
| Current ADP receptor antagonist intake | n (%) | 23 (24) | 15 (46.9) | 0.01 | 0.32 | |
| Current statin use | n (%) | 89 (92.7) | 27 (84.4) | 0.46 | 1 | |
| Statin myopathy | n (%) | 6 (6.3) | 2 (6.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| ACE inhibitor | n (%) | 69 (71.9) | 20 (64.5) | 0.43 | 1 | |
| Current smoker | n (%) | 40 (41.7) | 5 (15.6) | 0.01 | 0.32 | |
| Coronary heart disease | n (%) | 82 (85.4) | 28 (87.5) | 0.77 | 1 | |
| St.p. myocardial infarction | n (%) | 45 (46.9) | 11 (34.4) | 0.21 | 1 | |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | n (%) | 5 (5.2) | 2 (6.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| Non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy | n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 | 1 | |
| Hypertensive cardiomyopathy | n (%) | 2 (2.1) | 3 (9.4) | 0.1 | 1 | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | n (%) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 1 | 1 | |
| St.p. percutaneous coronary intervention | n (%) | 32 (33.3) | 7 (21.9) | 0.22 | 1 | |
| St.p. stent implantation | n (%) | 72 (75) | 20 (62.5) | 0.17 | 1 | |
| St.p. bypass grafting | n (%) | 5 (5.2) | 3 (9.4) | 0.41 | 1 | |
| Implanted pacemakera | n (%) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (3.1) | 1 | 1 | |
| Implanted defibrillator | n (%) | 5 (5.2) | 2 (6.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | n (%) | 6 (6.3) | 4 (12.5) | 0.27 | 1 | |
| Peripheral artery disease | n (%) | 4 (4.2) | 2 (6.3) | 0.64 | 1 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | n (%) | 4 (4.2) | 5 (15.6) | 0.04 | 1 | |
| St.p. pulmonary embolism | n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (6.3) | 0.15 | 1 | |
| Type II Diabetes mellitus | n (%) | 22 (22.9) | 3 (9.4) | 0.12 | 1 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | n (%) | 80 (83.3) | 27 (84.4) | 0.89 | 1 | |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 65 (67.7) | 21 (65.6) | 0.83 | 1 | |
| Hyperuricemia | n (%) | 10 (10.4) | 1 (3.2) | 0.29 | 1 | |
Abbreviations: Bonf.‐Holm, Bonferroni‐Holm; bpm, beats per minute; SD, standard deviation; St.p., status post.
P < 0.05 (in bold).
a
Pacemaker was not active during exercise tests.