Table 7.
High‐Level Time Processing in ASC
| Sample | High‐level time processing ability | Tasks | Findings | Commentaries | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASC | NT | ||||||
| Altgassen et al. [2012] | n | 25 | 25 | Time‐based and event‐based prospective memory | Dresden breakfast task | Autistic group performed worse in both tasks | Clock was available to be checked |
| Age | 21.8 (6.68) | 21.8 (6.06) | |||||
| IQ | >85 | – | |||||
| Relationship between TBPM and executive function | |||||||
| Kretschmer et al. [2014] | n | 27 | 27 | Time‐based and event‐based prospective memory | Virtual week prospective memory task | Autistic group performed worse in both tasks | Clock was available to be checked |
| Age | 35.63 (10.12) | 39.85 (8.50) | |||||
| IQ (Raven) | 40.81 | 40.58 | |||||
| Williams et al. [2014] | n | 17 | 17 | Time‐based and event‐based prospective memory | Word recognition task | Autistic group performed worse in TBPM, but comparable in the EBPM | Clock was available to be checked |
| Age | 31.06 (9.64) | 31.92 (14.17) | |||||
| IQ | 114.06 (15.16) | 117.71 (13.05) | |||||
| Williams et al. [2013] | n | 21 | 21 | Time‐based and event‐based prospective memory | 2D computer‐based driving game | Autistic group performed worse in TBPM, but comparable in the EBPM | Clock was available to be checked |
| Age | 10.60 (2.01) | 10.59 (1.31) | |||||
| VIQ | 103.57 (17.88) | 106.48 (14.01) | |||||
| PIQ | 110.19 (16.35) | 107.48 (13.23) | |||||
| Henry et al. [2014] | n | 30 | 30 | Time‐based and event‐based prospective memory | Virtual week prospective memory task | Autistic group performed worse in TBPM, but comparable in the EBPM | Clock was available to be checked |
| Age | 10.1 (1.47) | 10.0 (1.46) | |||||
| IQ | 112.93 (16.71) | 115.3 (14.69) | |||||
| Bennetto, Pennington, and Rogers [1996] | n | 19 | 19 | Memory for temporal order | An adaptation of the Corsi memory task | Autistic group perform worse for words and pictures | Comparison group was a mix of individuals with non‐autistic learning disabilities |
| Age | 15.95 (3.3) | 15.23 (2.6) | |||||
| IQ | 88.89 (11.1) | 91.74 | |||||
| Gaigg, Bowler, and Gardiner [2013] | n | 22 | 22 | Memory for temporal order | Historic figures task | Autistic group showed difficulties in the order of episodic, but not semantic memory | Differences in executive function and attention |
| Age | 37.6 (13.4) | 40.5 (10.8) | |||||
| IQ | 103.4 (13.4) | 107 (16.4) | |||||
| Boucher, Pons, Lind, and Williams [2007] | n | 23 | 23 | Diachronic thinking | Tendency, transformation, synthesis | Autistic group was impaired in the three measures | |
| Age | 12.6 (2.3) | 12.3 (2.25) | |||||
| IQ (raven) | 29 (5.3) | 27 (5.4) | |||||
| n | 15 | 15 | Diachronic thinking | Tendency, transformation, synthesis | Autistic group was impaired in the three measures | ||
| Age | 14.3 (1.83) | 14.6 (1.5) | |||||
| IQ (raven) | 26.4 (4.5) | 23.7 (6.3) | |||||