Table 3.

Real‐world evidence studies with sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors

	HR (95% CI)	P‐value
CVD‐REAL (initiation of SGLT‐2 inhibitor vs other GLDs), N = 309 056
HF hospitalization	0.61 (0.51‐0.73)	<0.001
All‐cause death	0.49 (0.41‐0.57)	<0.001
HF hospitalization or all‐cause death	0.54 (0.48‐0.60)	<0.001
EASEL (initiation of SGLT‐2 inhibitor vs other GLDs), N = 25 258
HF hospitalization	0.57 (0.45‐0.73)	<0.0001
All‐cause death	0.57 (0.49‐0.66)	<0.0001
HF hospitalization or all‐cause death	0.57 (0.50‐0.65)	<0.0001
MACE	0.67 (0.60‐0.75)	<0.0001
Non‐fatal stroke	0.85 (0.66‐1.10)	0.2190
Non‐fatal myocardial infarction	0.81 (0.64‐1.03)	0.0888
CVD‐REAL 2 (initiation of SGLT‐2 inhibitor vs other GLDs), N = 470 128
HF hospitalization	0.64 (0.50‐0.82)	0.001
All‐cause death	0.51 (0.37‐0.70)	<0.001
HF hospitalization or all‐cause death	0.60 (0.47‐0.76)	<0.001
Myocardial infarction	0.81 (0.74‐0.88)	<0.001
Stroke	0.68 (0.55‐0.84)	<0.001
OBSERVE‐4D, N = 714 582
Canagliflozin versus other GLDs	0.39 (0.26‐0.60)	0.01
HF hospitalization
Other SGLT‐2 inhibitors versus other GLDs	0.43‐ (0.30‐0.62)	0.01
HF hospitalization

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; GLD, glucose‐lowering drug; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events, which are a composite of CV death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction and non‐fatal stroke; SGLT‐2, sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2.