Table 5.

Possible direct associations between GERD and tooth wear, OFP, OD, OSAS and SB; possible indirect associations between GERD and tooth wear, OFP, OD and SB; possible direct associations between OSAS and OD, GERD and SB; possible indirect associations between OSAS and tooth wear, and OFP

Direct			Indirect
	Reference	Association		Reference	Association
GERD
GERD → cTW	37, 38, 39, 40, 41	Yes
GERD → OFP	37, 38, 39, 40	Yes	GERD → TW → OFP	37, 38, 39, 40, 41	Yes
GERD → OD	29	Yes	GERD → OD → TW	42, 43	Yes
			GERD → OD → TW	44	No
			GERD → OD → OFP	29	Yes
GERD → OSAS	51, 52, 53	Yes
GERD → SB	65, 66, 67, 68	Yes	GERD → SB → TW	34	No
			GERD → SB → TW	35	Yes
			GERD → SB → OFP	34	No
			GERD → SB → OFP	35	Yes
Conclusions: GERD can be directly associated with chemical tooth wear, oro‐facial pain (irritation of the soft tissues of the oral cavity), oral dryness, OSAS, and sleep bruxism			Conclusions: GERD can be indirectly associated with tooth wear (through oral dryness and sleep bruxism) and oro‐facial pain (due to tooth wear, oral dryness, and sleep bruxism); opposite findings are revealed
OSAS
OSAS → OD	28	Yes	OSAS → OD → TW	30, 31	Yes
			OSAS → OD → TW → DP/HY	17, 18, 19, 20	yes
OSAS → GERD	51, 52, 54, 55	Yes	OSAS → GERD → cTW	51, 52, 54, 55	yes
OSAS → SB	69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 86	Yes	OSAS → SB → mTW	49	yes
OSAS → SB	76	No
Conclusions: OSAS can be directly associated with oral dryness, GERD, and sleepbruxism			Conclusions: OSAS can be indirectly associated with tooth wear (through oral dryness), with chemical tooth wear (through GERD) with mechanical tooth wear (through sleep bruxism), and with oro‐facial pain (dental pain/hypersensitivity, through tooth wear)

Abbreviations: →, association; cTW, chemical tooth wear; DP, dental pain; HY, hypersensitivity; mTW, mechanical tooth wear; OD, oral dryness; OFP, oro‐facial pain; SB, sleepbruxism; TW, tooth wear.