Table 1.
Patient baseline characteristics, overall and by region
| Total | Africa | Americas | South‐East Asia | Europe | Eastern Mediterranean | Western Pacific | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 14 668) | (n = 811) | (n = 2002) | (n = 3351) | (n = 3470) | (n = 2179) | (n = 2855) | |
| Proportion of patients, % | 100.0 | 5.5 | 13.6 | 22.8 | 23.7 | 14.9 | 19.5 |
| Sex, male | 7909 (53.9) | 305 (37.6) | 963 (48.1) | 1846 (55.1) | 1853 (53.5) | 1278 (58.7) | 1664 (58.3) |
| Missing | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 57.5 (12.0) | 54.9 (11.2) | 58.3 (11.8) | 53.1 (11.3) | 61.9 (10.9) | 53.8 (10.8) | 60.1 (12.7) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Self‐reported ethnicity | |||||||
| Caucasian | 3911 (27.9) | 105 (13.0) | 480 (29.4) | 1 (0.0) | 3014 (94.8) | 165 (7.6) | 146 (5.1) |
| Black | 310 (2.2) | 235 (29.0) | 61 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |
| Asian | 6299 (45.0) | 177 (21.9) | 9 (0.6) | 3330 (99.5) | 20 (0.6) | 72 (3.3) | 2691 (94.3) |
| Hispanic | 942 (6.7) | 1 (0.1) | 928 (56.8) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) |
| Arabic | 2147 (15.3) | 199 (24.6) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 12 (0.4) | 1930 (88.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mixed | 213 (1.5) | 91 (11.2) | 115 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) |
| Other | 174 (1.2) | 2 (0.2) | 36 (2.2) | 15 (0.4) | 104 (3.3) | 5 (0.2) | 12 (0.4) |
| Missing | 672 | 1 | 369 | 3 | 292 | 7 | 0 |
| Education | |||||||
| No formal education | 405 (3.0) | 57 (7.3) | 50 (3.2) | 26 (0.8) | 78 (2.5) | 158 (7.7) | 36 (1.4) |
| Primary (1‐6 years) | 2059 (15.5) | 182 (23.2) | 442 (28.7) | 342 (10.3) | 586 (19.1) | 360 (17.6) | 147 (5.7) |
| Secondary (7‐13 years) | 6600 (49.5) | 420 (53.6) | 587 (38.1) | 1427 (43.2) | 1778 (58.0) | 765 (37.5) | 1623 (62.8) |
| Higher education (>13 years) | 4258 (32.0) | 125 (15.9) | 463 (30.0) | 1510 (45.7) | 623 (20.3) | 758 (37.1) | 779 (30.1) |
| Missing | 1346 | 27 | 460 | 46 | 405 | 138 | 270 |
| Main working status | |||||||
| Employed | 5046 (36.7) | 262 (32.7) | 473 (29.9) | 875 (26.2) | 1094 (34.1) | 952 (45.5) | 1408 (50.8) |
| Self‐employed | 1679 (12.2) | 59 (7.4) | 343 (21.7) | 751 (22.5) | 170 (5.3) | 209 (10.0) | 147 (5.3) |
| Disabled | 82 (0.6) | 6 (0.7) | 6 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 59 (1.8) | 2 (0.1) | 9 (0.3) |
| Not working | 4009 (29.1) | 336 (41.9) | 428 (27.1) | 1385 (41.4) | 505 (15.8) | 683 (32.6) | 672 (24.3) |
| Retired | 2892 (21.0) | 139 (17.3) | 330 (20.9) | 332 (9.9) | 1378 (43.0) | 247 (11.8) | 466 (16.8) |
| Other | 67 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 67 (2.4) |
| Missing | 875 | 9 | 422 | 8 | 264 | 86 | 86 |
| Health insurance coverage | |||||||
| Private | 2021 (14.7) | 165 (20.7) | 517 (32.3) | 592 (18.8) | 130 (3.9) | 466 (22.3) | 151 (5.4) |
| Public/government | 8249 (59.8) | 465 (58.2) | 783 (48.8) | 371 (11.8) | 3038 (91.3) | 1226 (58.7) | 2366 (84.0) |
| Mixed | 354 (2.6) | 16 (2.0) | 137 (8.5) | 51 (1.6) | 26 (0.8) | 69 (3.3) | 55 (2.0) |
| No insurance | 3163 (22.9) | 153 (19.1) | 166 (10.4) | 2140 (67.9) | 134 (4.0) | 327 (15.7) | 243 (8.6) |
| Missing | 881 | 12 | 399 | 197 | 142 | 91 | 40 |
| Years since type 2 diabetes diagnosis, mean (SD) | 5.7 (5.3) | 6.9 (5.7) | 6.2 (6.1) | 4.6 (4.1) | 6.6 (5.4) | 5.8 (5.1) | 5.4 (5.6) |
| Missing | 394 | 0 | 63 | 1 | 151 | 3 | 176 |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 8.3 (1.7) | 8.6 (1.9) | 8.5 (1.9) | 8.6 (1.7) | 8.1 (1.6) | 8.7 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.6) |
| Missing | 2799 | 345 | 471 | 1307 | 470 | 135 | 71 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29.4 (6.0) | 30.6 (6.2) | 30.6 (6.1) | 27.3 (4.5) | 31.9 (6.1) | 31.1 (5.7) | 26.5 (5.4) |
| Missing | 1150 | 13 | 202 | 207 | 258 | 324 | 146 |
| Microvascular complicationsa | 2843 (19.4) | 118 (14.5) | 302 (15.1) | 556 (16.6) | 808 (23.4) | 398 (18.3) | 661 (23.2) |
| Missing | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| Macrovascular complicationsb | 2147 (14.7) | 78 (9.6) | 276 (13.8) | 140 (4.2) | 1045 (30.5) | 236 (10.8) | 372 (13.0) |
| Missing | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 |
| History of major hypoglycaemiac | 133 (1.0) | 11 (1.4) | 26 (1.6) | 15 (0.5) | 44 (1.3) | 22 (1.1) | 15 (0.5) |
| Missing | 951 | 34 | 415 | 102 | 130 | 225 | 45 |
| History of minor hypoglycaemiad | 479 (3.5) | 43 (5.5) | 41 (2.6) | 83 (2.6) | 116 (3.5) | 147 (7.4) | 49 (1.7) |
| Missing | 903 | 26 | 410 | 104 | 119 | 205 | 39 |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Percentages were calculated for all patients with data available; patients with missing data were excluded.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.
a
Composite of nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy.
b
Composite of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure and implantable cardioverter defibrillator use.
c
Hypoglycaemic events requiring external/third party assistance in the previous year.
d
Hypoglycaemic events that were self‐reported, and which occurred in the previous 4 weeks.