. 2019 Sep 8;94(5):407–414. doi: 10.1111/tan.13671

Table 1.

Tfh cells and IL‐21 in relation to human allograft rejection and tolerance

Authors	Blood sampling (after transplantation [Tx])	Patient numbers	Cell type	Relation with rejection
Cano‐Romero et al48	Pre kidney Tx: acute rejection vs no rejection	18 vs 188	CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CCR7⁻PD‐1⁺	Higher
Zhang et al50	Liver Tx: during acute rejection vs no rejection	12 vs 20	%Tfh1 %Tfh2 %Tfh17 serum IL‐21	No Higher Lower Higher
Baan et al51	Heart Tx: during acute rejection vs no rejection	13 vs 44	IL‐21 in biopsy	Higher
de Leur et al52	Kidney Tx: during rejection	15	IL‐21⁺Bcl‐6⁺ cells in biopsy	Present
van Besouw et al53	Pre kidney Tx: early acute rejection vs no rejection 6 months: late rejection vs no rejection	15 vs 20 13 vs 33	Number of donor‐reactive IL‐21 producing PBMC Number of donor‐reactive IL‐21 producing PBMC	Higher Higher
Shi et al54	1‐3 years post kidney Tx: chronic AMBR vs no ABMR	24 vs 18	CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD‐1⁺ CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺ serum IL‐21	Higher Lower Comparable Comparable
Chen et al55	Kidney Tx: chronic ABMR vs no ABMR	40 vs 48	%CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺ %Tfh17%Tfh2 CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ in biopsy CD4⁺CXCR5⁺FoxP3⁺ in biopsy	Comparable Higher Higher Comparable Lower
Chenouard et al56	Kidney Tx: tolerance (Tol) vs stable graft function	8 vs 14	%CD4⁺CD45RA⁻CXCR5⁺ %CD4⁺CD45RA⁻CXCR5⁺PD‐1⁺ICOS1⁺ Number CD4⁺CD45RA⁻CXCR5⁺ Number CD4⁺CD45RA⁻CXCR5⁺PD‐1⁺ICOS1⁺	Tol: lower Tol: lower Comparable Comparable