Table 1.

Risk factors of violent behavior in schizophrenia

Reference	Country	Sample	Control	Risk factors	Odds ratio	Outcome (measured)
Fazel et al. (2009) [21]	Sweden	8,003	General population	Schizophrenia	1.2 (p < 0.01)	Violent crime (conviction for homicide, assault, robbery, arson, sexual offense, illegal threats, intimidation)
				Comorbid Substance abuse	4.4 (p < 0.01)
Swanson et al. (2006) [22]	USA	1,410	Non-violent schizophrenia	Substance abuse/dependence	2.42	Minor violence (simple assault without injury or weapon use)
				Recent victimization	2.10
				Childhood conduct problem	3.29 (p < 0.001)	Major violence (any assault using a weapon or resulting in injury)
				Positive PANSS score	2.71 (p < 0.01)
				Substance use/abuse	2.10
				Recent non-violent victimization	2.27 (p < 0.05)
Wallace et al. (2004) [13]	Australia	2,681	Community population	Schizophrenia	2.5 (p < 0.001)	Criminal convictions due to violent offenses (violence resulting in serious injury and homicide)
				Comorbid substance use	19.1 (p < 0.001)
Koen et al. (2004) [23]	South Africa	70	Non-violent schizophrenia	Delusions of control	3.7	History of physical violence reported by family or by hospital staff
				Use of cannabis/alcohol	6.89
Cantor-Graae et al. (2001) [17]	Sweden	87	Schizophrenia without criminal offence	History of substance abuse	50.0% vs. 11.1% in crime rate (X2 = 15.7) (p < 0.001)	Criminal convictions
Arseneault et al. (2000) [12]	New Zealand	39	Cohort population	Schizophrenia	2.5	Court convictions for violence
				Comorbid alcohol dependence	8.3
				Comorbid marijuana dependence	18.4
Räsänen et al. (1998) [18]	Finland	76	Cohort population	Schizophrenia	3.6 (p < 0.01)	Violent crime records (homicide, assault, robbery, arson, violation of domestic peace)
				Comorbid alcohol abuse	25.2 (p < 0.01)
Cuffel et al. (1994) [20]	USA	103	Non-violent schizophrenia	Alcohol or marijuana use	2.35	Clinical records of violence (including verbal/nonverbal threats, physical assaults, using a weapon)
				Polysubstance use	12.56 (p < 0.01)
Caqueo-Urízar et al. (2016) [24]	Chile, Bolivia, Peru	253	OAS < 7 (non-violent)	Mean number of hospitalization in the last 3 years	1.40 (p < 0.001)	Overt aggression scale
Fresän et al. (2007) [25]	Mexico	102	OAS < 7 (non-violent)	Novelty seeking in TCI scalea	6.12 (p = 0.001)	Overt aggression scale
				Lack of Cooperativenessb	11.07 (p < 0.001)
Wong et al. (1997) [26]	Australia	39	Non-repetitive violent offenders with schizophrenia	Childhood conduct problems	16.7 (p < 0.01)	Previous history of a violent offence (i.e., manslaughter or murder)
				Impulsive suicide attempt	6.7 (p = 0.02)

PANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale; OAS, overt aggression scale; TCI, temperament and character inventory.

^aNovelty seeking measures tendency of impulsiveness and quick loss of temper;

^bLack of cooperativeness accounts for self-centered aggression and hostility.