Table 3.
Association [HR (95% CI)] between baseline levels of lysine, 2-aminoadipic acid and pipecolic acid with cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p linear trend | 1 SD increase | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline lysine | ||||||
| Outcome: T2D | ||||||
| Basic modela | Ref. | 1.10 (0.70–1.71) | 1.47 (0.95–2.28) | 1.24 (0.80–1.92) | 0.189 | 1.11 (0.96–1.29) |
| MV adjusted modelb | Ref. | 1.19 (0.67–2.11) | 1.56 (0.88–2.75) | 1.66 (0.96–2.86) | 0.038 | 1.26 (1.06–1.51) |
| MV adjusted for 2-AAA and pipec. | Ref. | 1.17 (0.67–2.07) | 1.52 (0.85–2.70) | 1.50 (0.87–2.60) | 0.113 | 1.20 (0.99–1.44) |
| Outcome: CVD | ||||||
| Basic modela | Ref. | 0.86 (0.55–1.34) | 0.96 (0.61–1.51) | 0.94 (0.60–1.47) | 0.897 | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) |
| MV adjusted modelc | Ref. | 0.80 (0.48–1.29) | 1.01 (0.62–1.65) | 0.84 (0.51–1.38) | 0.718 | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) |
| MV adjusted for 2-AAA and pipec. | Ref. | 0.78 (0.49–1.35) | 0.99 (0.61–1.60) | 0.82 (0.49–1.35) | 0.636 | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) |
| Baseline 2-AAA | ||||||
| Outcome: T2D | ||||||
| Basic modela | Ref. | 0.95 (0.59–1.54) | 1.40 (0.89–2.21) | 1.92 (1.23–1.54) | 0.001 | 1.29 (1.10–1.52) |
| MV adjusted modelb | Ref. | 1.28 (0.66–2.50) | 1.51 (0.82–2.77) | 1.94 (1.03–3.63) | 0.026 | 1.28 (1.05–1.55) |
| MV adjusted for lysine and pipec. | Ref. | 1.32 (0.68–2.59) | 1.43 (0.77–2.63) | 1.81 (0.97–3.37) | 0.050 | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) |
| Outcome: CVD | ||||||
| Basic modela | Ref. | 1.11 (0.70–1.74) | 0.94 (0.59–1.51) | 1.21 (0.76–1.90) | 0.532 | 1.06 (0.90–1.23) |
| MV adjusted modelc | Ref. | 1.18 (0.73–1.91) | 0.84 (0.51–1.40) | 1.13 (0.69–1.83) | 0.894 | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) |
| MV adjusted for lysine and pipec. | Ref. | 1.20 (0.74–1.95) | 0.86 (0.51–1.43) | 1.19 (0.71–1.99) | 0.766 | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) |
| Baseline pipecolic acid | ||||||
| Outcome: T2D | ||||||
| Basic modela | Ref. | 1.32 (0.86–2.02) | 1.13 (0.72–1.78) | 1.46 (0.93–2.31) | 0.171 | 1.13 (0.96–1.32) |
| MV adjusted modelb | Ref. | 1.24 (0.72–2.14) | 0.97 (0.55–1.71) | 1.37 (0.78–2.41) | 0.411 | 1.13 (0.92–1.13) |
| MV adjusted for lysine and 2-AAA | Ref. | 1.07 (0.62–1.87) | 0.86 (0.49–1.51) | 1.32 (0.74–2.36) | 0.506 | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) |
| Outcome: CVD | ||||||
| Basic modela | Ref. | 0.69 (0.44–1.09) | 0.77 (0.49–1.21) | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | 0.948 | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) |
| MV adjusted modelc | Ref. | 0.71 (0.45–1.11) | 0.68 (0.42–1.11) | 0.84 (0.55–1.38) | 0.610 | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) |
| MV adjusted for lysine and 2-AAA | Ref. | 0.70 (0.43–1.14) | 0.70 (0.43–1.14) | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | 0.669 | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) |
CVD cardiovascular disease, T2D type 2 diabetes, MV mutivariable
aAdjusted for age, sex and intervention
bBasic model additionally adjusted for BMI, smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension and baseline plasma glucose
cBasic model additionally adjusted for BMI, smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, T2D, family history of CVD