Table 3.

Odds of physical and verbal abuse in the time interval relative to 1 h before childbirth

	Physical abuse			Verbal abuse
	Events per 1000 women	Odds ratio (95% CI)*	p value	Events per 1000 women	Odds ratio (95% CI)*	p value
46–60 min before birth	8	1 (ref)	..	38	1 (ref)	..
31–45 min before birth	8	0·8 (0·3–2·0)	0·66	57	1·3 (0·9–1·9)	0·19
16–30 min before birth	18	1·5 (0·7–3·1)	0·32	87	2·2 (1·5–3·1)	<0·0001
15 min before and including birth (0 min)	108	11·6 (6·2–21·7)	<0·0001	267	6·7 (4·7–9·5)	<0·0001
1–15 min after birth	22	2·1 (1·0–4·4)	0·044	130	3·2 (2·3–4·7)	<0·0001
16–30 min after birth	4	0·6 (0·3–1·6)	0·32	31	0·8 (0·5–1·3)	0·33
31–45 min after birth	4	0·4 (0·1–1·1)	0·083	12	0·3 (0·1–0·5)	<0·0001
46–60 min after birth	1	0·2 (0·0–0·8)	0·026	15	0·3 (0·1–0·5)	0·0001

Based on 1590 (78·9%) of 2016 women who were observed for at least 1 h before and after the time of childbirth.

^*Adjusted for country and potential correlation due to repeated measures.