Table 6.
Multivariable logistic regression models to assess factors potentially associated with mistreatment (community survey)
| Physical abuse | Verbal abuse (by no education) | Verbal abuse (by at least some education) | Any physical or verbal abuse, or stigma or discrimination | Non-consented vaginal examination (by single marital status) | Non-consented vaginal examination (by marital status other than single) | No privacy or lack of privacy during vaginal examination | Long wait times or delays | Felt ignored, neglected, or their presence was a nuisance | Mobilisation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||||||
| 15–19 years | 1·8 (1·1–2·8)* | 3·6 (1·6–8·0)† | 1·6 (1·1–2·3)‡ | 1·9 (1·4–2·6)§ | 4·6 (1·7–12·3)¶ | 1·2 (0·8–1·6) | 1·1 (0·9–1·2) | 1·3 (0·9–1·9) | 1·0 (0·7–1·6) | 1·0 (0·9–1·1) |
| 20–29 years | 1·1 (0·8–1·5) | 1·1 (0·6–1·9) | 1·3 (1·0–1·6) | 1·2 (1·0–2·5) | 1·9 (0·8–4·9) | 1·2 (1·0–1·5) | 0·9 (0·9–1·1) | 1·1 (0·9–1·4) | 1·0 (0·8–1·3) | 1·0 (0·9–1·1) |
| ≥30 years | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Education | ||||||||||
| No education | 0·83 (0·6–1·2) | NA | NA | 1·0 (0·7–1·3) | NA | NA | 1·1 (0·9–1·2) | 1·2 (0·8–1·8) | 1·2 (0·8–1·8) | NA |
| At least some education | 1 (ref) | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | NA |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Single | 1·2 (0·7–1·8) | 1·2 (0·4–3·3) | 1·1 (0·8–1·6) | 1·1 (0·8–1·5) | NA | NA | 1·1 (0·9–1·2) | 0·8 (0·6–1·2) | 0·9 (0·6–1·3) | 1·1 (1·0–1·2) |
| Other than single‖ | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Number of previous births | ||||||||||
| First birth | 1·21 (0·9–1·6) | 0·7 (0·4–1·2) | 1·0 (0·8–1·2) | 1·0 (0·8–1·2) | NA | NA | 1·0 (0·9–1·1) | 0·8 (0·6–0·9)** | 0·9 (0·7–1·1) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
| ≥2 births | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Curtains used | ||||||||||
| No | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3·4 (2·3–5·0)†† | NA | NA | NA |
| Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | NA | NA | NA |
Data are odds ratio (95% CI). Verbal abuse was stratified by no education and some education because of an interaction between education and age. Non-consented vaginal examinations were stratified by single and not single marital status because of an interaction between age and marital status. Results with significant p values (p<0·05) are indicated. NA=not applicable.
*
p=0·0077.
†
p=0·0004.
‡
p=0·0460.
§
p=0·0005.
¶
p=0·0014.
‖
Includes currently married, separated, divorced, widowed, cohabitating, or other.
**
p=0·0109.
††
p<0·0001.