Table 2.
Studies on influence of anti‐rheumatic treatment with biological DMARDs on cytokines in gingivocrevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
| Study | Patients (number) | Sex (M/F) |
Age (years, mean ± SD) |
RA duration (years, mean ± SD | DAS28 (mean ± SD, baseline) | Anti‐rheumatic treatment with biological DMARDs | Duration of treatment (follow‐up) |
Other RA treatment |
Cytokine(s) investigated in GCF | Same cytokine(s) investigated in serum | Periodontal assessment | Periodontal classification | Difference in periodontal status between study groups | Difference in concentrations of cytokines in GCF between study groups or pre–post‐treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kadkhoda et al., (2016) | RA+ (36) | 10/26 | 41 ± 12 | n.a. | n.a. | anti‐TNF‐α (etanercept 25 mg 2/week) | 6 weeks | no detailed information provided | TNF‐α | no | PD, BOP, GI, PI | All patients had generalized gingival inflammation and redness concomitant with BOP, with or without PD ≥ 5 mm. | Pre‐ versus post‐treatment: significantly lower BOP and GI post‐treatment | Pre‐ versus post‐treatment: TNF‐α significantly lower post‐treatment |
| Mayer et al., (2013) | RA+ (10) | 3/7 | 54 ± 6 | 16 ± 14 | n.a. | anti‐TNF‐α (infliximab 3 mg/kg every 8 weeks) | 26 ± 8 months | no detailed information provided | TNF‐α | no | PD, BOP, GI, PI | Armitage 1999 | RA + versus RA‐: PD, BOP, GI significantly lower in RA+ | RA + versus RA‐: TNF‐α significantly higher in RA‐ |
| RA‐ (12) | 5/7 | 48 ± 12 | 5 ± 2 | n.a. | – | – | ||||||||
| Üstün et al., (2013) | RA+ (16) | 9/7 | 35 ± 8 | 4 ± 2 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | anti‐TNF‐α: adalimumab 40 mg on days 0 and 14 (7 patients) orinfliximab 3 mg/kg on days 0 and 14 (9 patients). | 30 days | NSAIDs, MTX, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquin, prednisolone (max. 5 mg/day) | Il−1β, Il−8 | no | PD, BOP, CAL, GI, PI | Armitage 1999 (with CP: n = 10, without CP: n = 6) | Pre‐ versus post‐treatment: significantly higher BOP and GI post‐treatment (10 with CP, 6 without CP) | Pre‐ versus post‐treatment: significantly lower Il−1β, Il−8 post‐treatment |
| Mayer et al., (2009) | RA+ (10) | 3/7 | 54 ± 9 | 16 ± 13 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | anti‐TNF‐α (infliximab 200 mg every 8 weeks) | 26 ± 8 months | NSAIDs, MTX, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine | TNF‐α | no | PD, BOP, CAL, GI, PI | Armitage 1999 | RA + versus RA‐: CAL, BOP, GI significantly higher in RA+ | RA + versus RA‐: TNF‐α amount (no concentration assessed) significantly higher in RA‐ |
| RA‐ (10) | 5/5 | 47 ± 16 | 5 ± 2 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | – | – |
Abbreviations: Armitage 1999 (Armitage, 2000); BOP, bleeding on probing; CAL, clinical attachment level; DAS28, disease activity score 28 joint count; GI, gingivitis index; MTX, methotrexate; n.a., not assessed; NSAIDs, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; PD, periodontal pocket depth; PI, plaque index; RA‐, RA patients receiving no treatment with biological DMARDS; RA+, RA patients receiving treatment with biological disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs); TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α.