Table 2.
The perioperative characteristics of the study patients with p < 0.15 in univariate analysis.
| Variables |
Non-PPE (n = 381) |
PPE (n = 144) |
P-value |
Overall (n = 525) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at operation (years) | 7.0 (4.3, 13.0) | 5.8 (4.0, 8.0) | <0.001 | 6.0 (4.2, 11.0) |
| Weight (kg) | 19.5 (16.0, 32.0) | 18.0 (15.0, 22.5) | 0.004 | 19.0 (15.5, 29.0) |
| Body surface area (m2) | 0.79 (0.67, 1.12) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.88) | 0.003 | 0.77 (0.66, 1.05) |
| Glenn surgery history (yes) | 230 (60.4%) | 99 (68.8%) | 0.09 | 329 (62.7%) |
| Surgeons (senior) | 228 (59.8%) | 98 (68.1%) | 0.08 | 326 (62.1%) |
| Original anatomy | 0.047 | |||
| Unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect | 100 (26.2%) | 44 (30.6%) | 144 (27.4%) | |
| Tricuspid atresia | 92 (24.1%) | 21 (14.6%) | 113 (21.5%) | |
| Unbalanced double outlet right ventricle | 71 (18.6%) | 28 (19.4%) | 99 (18.9%) | |
| Double inlet ventricle | 40 (10.5%) | 8 (5.6%) | 48 (9.1%) | |
| Pulmonary atresia | 24 (6.3%) | 18 (12.5%) | 42 (8.0%) | |
| Complete transposition of great arteries | 18 (4.7%) | 8 (5.6%) | 26 (5.0%) | |
| CCTGA | 26 (6.8%) | 13 (9.0%) | 39 (7.4%) | |
| Others | 10 (2.6%) | 4 (2.8%) | 14 (2.7%) | |
| Main ventricle ejection fraction ≤55% | 48 (12.6%) | 22 (15.3%) | 0.148 | 70 (13.3%) |
| Preoperative lymphocyte (× 109/L) | 3.58 (2.78, 4.69) | 3.77 (2.77, 4.92) | 0.13 | 3.60 (2.78, 4.76) |
| Preoperative hemoglobin (g/dL) | 18.0 (16.2, 20.3) | 17.0 (15.9, 19.3) | 0.002 | 17.8 (16.0, 20.0) |
| Preoperative platelet (× 1010/L) | 23.1 (17.5, 28.7) | 25.3 (21.1, 31.3) | <0.001 | 24.0 (18.3, 29.1) |
| Preoperative prothrombin time (s) | 14.4 (13.9, 15.2) | 14.2 (13.7, 14.8) | 0.006 | 14.4 (13.8, 15.2) |
| Preoperative alamine aminotransferase (U/L) | 15 (12, 20) | 14 (11, 18) | 0.005 | 15 (11 20) |
| Preoperative aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 25 (21, 30) | 27 (23, 33) | 0.007 | 26 (22, 31) |
| Preoperative CKMB (U/L) | 23 (19, 30) | 26 (20, 33) | 0.02 | 24 (19, 31) |
| Creaction of fenestraion (yes) | 193 (50.7%) | 44 (30.6%) | <0.001 | 237 (45.1%) |
| Maximal VIS during surgery | 11.0 (6.0, 14.0) | 11.0 (9.0, 17.0) | 0.005 | 11.0 (7.0, 15.0) |
| Intraoperative fluid balance (mL/kg) | 6.2 (−9.0, 23.6) | 11.6 (−6.7, 30.6) | 0.05 | 8.9 (−8.9, 25.4) |
| Lactic acid (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.9) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.1) | 0.15 | 1.9 (1.4, 2.9) |
| Postoperative lymphocyte (× 109/L) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.49) | 1.2 (0.86, 1.61) | 0.004 | 1.05 (0.73, 1.54) |
| Postoperative hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.2 (12.6, 16.1) | 13.4 (11.9, 15.3) | 0.01 | 14.0 (12.4, 15.9) |
| Postoperative platelet (× 1010/L) | 17.2 (12.9, 23.2) | 18.8 (14.3, 24.3) | 0.154 | 17.5 (13.5, 23.3) |
| Postoperative prothrombin time (s) | 15.8 (14.9, 17.0) | 15.9 (15.0, 18.0) | 0.1 | 15.8 (15.0, 17.2) |
| Postoperative total protein (g/L) | 62.6 ± 7.74 | 59.9 ± 8.53 | 0.001 | 61.8 ± 8.04 |
| Postoperative albumin (g/L) | 41.8 ± 5.63 | 40.7 ± 6.19 | 0.05 | 41.5 ± 5.81 |
| Postoperative alamine aminotransferase (U/L) | 20 (16, 27) | 21 (16, 41) | 0.11 | 20 (16, 28) |
| Postoperative aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 50 (39, 74) | 59 (45, 100) | <0.001 | 53 (40, 78) |
| Postoperative TBIL (≥38 μmol/L) | 232 (60.9%) | 76 (52.8%) | 0.12 | 308 (58.7%) |
| Postoperative lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 403 (334, 508) | 437 (338, 576) | 0.04 | 411 (335, 528) |
| Postoperative high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 13.2 (12.2, 14.0) | 12.9 (11.6, 13.8) | 0.014 | 13.1 (12.0, 14.0) |
| Postoperative fluid balance (mL/kg) | −29.2 (−55.2, −10.9) | −17.0 (−33.8, 3.7) | <0.001 | −25.9 (−50.8, −5.4) |
| Postoperative mechanical ventilation (≥48 h) | 37 (9.7%) | 32 (22.2%) | <0.001 | 69 (13.1%) |
| Chylothorax (yes) | 151 (39.6%) | 95 (66.0%) | <0.001 | 246 (46.9%) |
PPE, prolonged pleural effusion; CCTGA, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries; CKMB, isoenzyme of creatine kinase-MB; VIS, maximum vasoactive-Inotropic score during surgery; TBIL, total bilirubin.