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. 2019 Nov 7;10:2513. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02513

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Copyright © 2019 Orner, Bhattacharya, Kalenja, Hayden, Del Poeta and Fries.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Decreased complement- and antibody-mediated macrophage phagocytosis of old wildtype cells compared to young and mutant cells. Phagocytic index was measured as the number of C. neoformans cells engulfed by macrophages divided by the total number of macrophages multiplied by 100. The assays were performed by opsonization of the fungal cells with 10% normal human serum (A,B) or by 18B7 antibody (C,D). The assays were done in biological triplicate and error bars signify standard deviation between replicates. ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA. Bars without any ^∗ are non-significant. ^$$p < 0.01, ^$$$p < 0.001, ^$$$$p < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA when compared to wildtype counterpart.