Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics of Medicare Fee-For-Service Enrollees by Race and Ethnicity

	All	White	Black	Hispanic	Asian	Other	p value
Socio-demographic characteristics (2010)
Number	999,814	305,940	305,943	305,959	45,028	36,944
Weighted number	21.6 M	18.5 M	1.5 M	0.9 M	0.5 M	0.2 M
Gender
Male	41.7	42.0	38.3	42.8	41.0	43.8	< 0.01
Female	58.3	58.1	61.7	57.2	59.0	56.2
Age group
65–74	44.4	43.5	48.8	49.9	45.9	57.9	< 0.01
75–84	37.4	37.6	35.4	36.6	38.0	33.4
85+	18.3	18.9	15.8	13.5	16.0	8.7
Comorbidities (top 5)
Hypertension	61.2	60.2	73.0	62.1	62.8	57.9	< 0.01
Hyperlipidemia	48.8	49.1	45.1	48.1	52.0	43.9
Diabetes	27.1	25.1	40.4	39.7	35.3	34.7
Ischemic heart disease	33.4	33.7	31.6	34.8	29.3	29.3
Rheumatoid arthritis	30.5	30.4	32.2	32.5	26.4	26.6
Dual Medicaid-Medicare eligibility	12.2	8.1	29.1	45.1	48.0	24.5	< 0.01
Region
Northeast	19.1	19.8	15.1	15.2	16.3	15.7	< 0.01
Midwest	24.2	25.8	19.7	8.9	9.2	15.8
South	39.8	38.9	58.5	41.2	19.0	29.8
West	16.9	15.6	6.7	34.8	55.6	38.8
Geographical characteristics (2010)
Community type*
Metropolitan	77.5	75.9	84.9	89.7	96.1	70.3	< 0.01
Micropolitan	12.4	13.3	7.8	6.7	3.1	15.3
Rural and other	10.1	10.8	7.3	3.6	0.8	14.4
No. of primary care physicians/100 k, average†
Less than 50	5.7	5.6	4.3	12.2	3.2	3.7	< 0.01
50 to 80	62.3	63.0	59.7	60.9	49.8	51.1
More than 80	32.1	31.5	36.1	26.9	47.1	45.3
Proximity to the nearest hospital
Less than 2 miles	24.2	22.6	32.8	35.6	38.9	24.1	< 0.01
2 to 5 miles	35.4	35.2	38.8	33.3	41.3	30.6
More than 5 miles	40.4	42.3	28.4	31.1	19.8	45.4
Follow-up period (2010–2012)
Died during 2010–2012	16.2	16.3	17.8	13.8	11.0	12.8	< 0.01
Average follow-up period (months)	34.1	33.9	33.7	34.5	34.9	34.8	–
Healthcare utilization (2010–2012)
Number of ambulatory clinic visit(s)
0 visit	16.3	15.3	20.2	23.8	28.8	17.9	< 0.01
1–6 visits	13.4	13.3	15.3	13.1	12.3	13.8
7 or more visits	70.3	71.4	64.5	63.1	58.9	68.3
Number of emergency room visit(s)
0 visit	42.6	42.5	36.7	43.9	55.8	50.9	< 0.01
1 or more visits	57.5	57.5	63.4	56.1	44.2	49.1
Number of short-stay hospitalization(s)
0 stay	58.0	57.8	54.7	60.2	68.7	62.5	< 0.01
1 stay	20.4	20.7	19.4	18.4	16.3	18.7
2 or more stays	21.6	21.5	26.0	21.5	15.0	18.7

*Area-level urban categorizations based on population size obtained from the US Department of Agriculture

†Area-level provider availability information was obtained from the Area Health Resources File from the Health Resources and Services Administration