Table 2.

Predictors of Having no Healthcare Utilization among Medicare Fee-For-Service Enrollees

	No ambulatory clinic visits	No emergency room visits	No short-stay hospitalizations
Race (reference: non-Hispanic White)
Black	1.18 [1.16–1.21]	0.90 [0.89–0.91]	0.99 [0.98–1.00]
Hispanic	1.25 [1.23–1.27]	1.05 [1.04–1.06]	1.04 [1.04–1.05]
Asian	1.51 [1.45–1.56]	1.27 [1.25–1.30]	1.14 [1.12–1.15]
Age (reference: 65–74 years old)
75–84 years old	0.94 [0.92–0.96]	0.84 [0.83–0.85]	0.91 [0.90–0.91]
85+ year old	1.42 [1.38–1.46]	0.70 [0.69–0.72]	0.87 [0.86–0.88]
Female (reference: male)	0.72 [0.71–0.73]	0.93 [0.92–0.94]	0.99 [0.98–1.00]
Dual Medicaid-Medicare coverage eligibility (reference: no dual coverage)
Dual coverage	1.27 [1.24–1.31]	0.87 [0.86–0.89]	0.97 [0.96–0.99]
Region (reference: Northeast)
Midwest	0.73 [0.71–0.76]	0.96 [0.95–0.98]	0.99 [0.98–1.00]
South	0.96 [0.93–0.99]	1.00 [0.98–1.01]	0.99 [0.97–1.00]
West	0.98 [0.93–0.99]	1.00 [0.99–1.02]	1.03 [1.02–1.04]
Community type (reference: Metropolitan Statistical Area)
Micropolitan Statistical Area	0.71 [0.68–0.73]	0.93 [0.92–0.94]	1.01 [1.00–1.02]
Other	0.65 [0.63–0.67]	0.91 [0.90–0.93]	1.09 [1.08–1.10]
PCP availability (reference: lowest quartile)
Middle two quartiles	1.00 [0.96–1.04]	1.01 [0.99–1.04]	1.01 [1.00–1.03]
Highest quartile	0.98 [0.94–1.02]	1.01 [0.99–1.03]	1.03 [1.01–1.04]
Distance to the nearest hospital (reference: ≤2 miles away)
2–5 miles	0.98 [0.95–0.99]	1.00 [0.99–1.01]	1.00 [0.99–1.01]
5+ miles	0.92 [0.89–0.94]	1.01 [0.99–1.02]	1.00 [0.99–1.01]

The models are adjusted for 23 chronic conditions (Alzheimer’s, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, diabetes, hip/pelvic fracture, ischemic heart disease, depression, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, endometrial cancer, anemia, asthma, hyperlipidemia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hypertension, acquired hypothyroidism) as covariates