Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.

	Study	Year	Design	Country	Study period	Cancer types	Age	Gender	Study size	Follow-up	Adjustments or match	Intervention	Comparator
1	Okada et al. [19]	2017	Cohort	Japan	2003–2007	Esophageal and gastric cancer	24–95	Male Female	1604 (1053/102/338/111); death: 213 9620 (6392/516/2105/607); death: 603	ESCC: 4.4 years GC: 6.1 years	Sex, age, year of diagnosis, BMI, smoking history, alcohol drinking history, and stage	1-2 times/week ≥3 times/week Unknown	No habit
2	Abbott et al. [20]	2018	Case-control	USA	2010–2015	Ovarian cancer	20–79	Female	264 (130/90/44); death: 80	42.7 months	Age, stage, geographic region, number of comorbid conditions, education, and income. RPA after diagnosis is additionally adjusted for prediagnosis RPA (0, >0–9, >9 MET-hours/week)	>0–9 MET-hours/week >9 MET-hours/week	0
3	Bradshaw et al. [21]	2014	Cohort	USA	1996-1997	Breast cancer	25–91	Female	1423 (349/30/181/668); death: 420	5 years	Missing data: PA, chemotherapy, and tumor size, which assumes that the missing data mechanism for PA is ignorable	0.1–9.0 MET h/week >9 MET h/week Missing	0
4	Kuiper et al. [22]	2012	Cohort	USA	1993–1998	Colorectal cancer	50–79	Female	1339 (234/166/350/312/277); death: 171	11.9 years	Adjusted for age at diagnosis, study arm, BMI, tumor stage, ethnicity, education, alcohol, smoking, and hormone therapy use	>0–2.9 MET-hours/week 3.0–8.9 MET-hours/week 9.0–17.9 MET-hours/week ≥18 MET-hours/week	0
5	Hardee et al. [23]	2014	Cohort	USA	1987–2002	Cancers	18–81 (54.4)	Male Female	2863 (PA: 1117/1746RE: 1612/1251); death: 121	7.3 years	Age, gender, and examination year, body mass index, current smoking (yes or no), heavy drinking (yes or no), hypertension (present or not), diabetes (present or not), hypercholesterolemia (yes or no), and parental history of cancer (yes or no)	RE: yes	RE: no
6	Bao et al. [24]	2015	Cohort	China	2002–2006	Breast cancer	20–75	Female	518 (175/343); death: 128	9.1 years	Age at diagnosis (continuous variable), education (<middle school, middle school, high school, >high school), marital status, Charlson comorbidity index (0, ≥1), menopausal status (yes, no), BMI at baseline (<18, 18–24.99, 25–29.99, ≥30), soy protein intake (Q1–Q4), tea consumption at baseline (yes, no), chemotherapy (yes, no), radiotherapy (yes, no), and TNM stage (I, II, III, unknown)	Yes	No
7	Gunnell et al. [25]	2017	Cohort	Australia	2004–2011	Cancers	68	Male Female	1667 (439/460/384/384); death: 135	8.8 years	Age at survey, sex, smoking category, long-term risky drinking category, body mass index category, daily fruit and vegetable intake, survey year, self-reported diabetes, SF-8 mental health component score, SF-8 physical health component score, and previous cancer type	<150 min LTPA/week 150–359 min LTPA/week 360 + min LTPA/week	No LTPA
8	Baade et al. [26]	2011	Cohort	Australia	2003–2008	Colorectal cancer	20–70+	Male Female	1825 (748/484/593); death: 462	4.9 years	Not mentioned	Insufficiently active Sufficiently active	Sedentary
9	Irwin et al. [27]	2008	Cohort	USA	1995–2004	Breast cancer	>18	Female	688 (114/297/277); death: 53	2.5 years	Age, race, disease stage, initial treatment, tamoxifen use, body mass index, and fruit/vegetable servings per day	>0–8.9 MET-h/wk ≥9 MET-h/wk	0 MET-h/wk

ESCC: esophageal cancer; GC: gastric cancer; PA: physical activity; RE: resistance exercise.