Table 2.
Comparison of demographic and antenatal factors between term live births and term stillbirths due to placental disease (PI stillbirth).
| Live birth 1550 |
PD SB 25.1 |
OR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age at delivery, y | 26.9 (0.2) | 27.9 (1.3) | 0.421 | ||
| <20 | 181.7 (11.7) | 3.72 (14.8) | 1.28 (0.37–4.45) | 0.923 | 0.75 (0.21–2.71) |
| 20–34 | 1170 (75.5) | 18.6 (74.1) | Ref | Ref | |
| 35–39 | 172.6 (11.1) | 2.8 (11.1) | 1.02 (0.29–3.53) | 0.57 (0.11–3.05) | |
| ≥40 | 26.1 | 0 | -- | -- | |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | 0.070 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 704.3 (45.4) | 6.4 (25.4) | Ref | 0.105 | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic black | 176 (11.4) | 6.1 (23.9) | 3.77 (1.12–12.64) | 5.64 (1.47–21.58) | |
| Hispanic | 550.9 (35.5) | 12.0 (47.7) | 2.4 (0.87–6.63) | 3.73 (1.07–13.07) | |
| Other | 118.8 (7.7) | 0.76 (3.0) | 0.71 (0.08–5.96) | 0.75 (0.08–6.76) | |
| Born outside of U.S. | 285 (19.0) |
10.3 (40.8) | 2.9 (1.3–6.9) | 0.013 | 5.5 (1.8–16.5) |
| Maternal education, grade | 13.3 (0.1) | 12.3 (0.5) | 0.05 | ||
| 0–11 | 295.3 (19.7) | 7.4 (30.5) | 2.14 (0.76–6.05) | 0.349 | 0.59 (0.08–4.23) |
| 12 | 400.7 (26.8) | 7.4 (30.8) | 1.59 (0.56–4.50) | 0.90 (0.24–3.40) | |
| ≥13 | 801.2 (53.5) | 9.3 (38.7) | Ref | Ref | |
| Living with a partner and/or married | 1262 (84.0) | 25.1 (100) | -- | 0.037 | -- |
|
Insurance None Any public/private assistance VA/commercial health ins/HMO |
49.6 (3.2) 811.5 (52.4) 687.8 (44.4) |
4.6 (18.3) 16.8 (66.7) 3.8 (15.0) |
16.89 (3.96–72.11) 3.76 (1.2–11.8) Ref |
0.0007 |
18.32 (0.280–119.92) 3.08 (0.72–13.24) Ref |
| Tobacco use | 125.6 (8.2) | 8.2 (32.7) | 5.4 (2.2–13.6) | 0.0003 | 9.91 (2.94–33.45) |
| Alcohol use | 21.6 (1.4) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.569 | -- |
| Recreational drug use | 45.5 (3.0) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.416 | -- |
| Prenatal care accessed | 1494 (99.3) | 25.14 (100) | -- | 0.651 | -- |
| BMI | 26.5 (0.2) | 26.7 (1.0) | 0.760 | ||
| <18.5 | 51 (3.3) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.254 | -- |
| 18.5–24.9 | 757.8 (49.8) | 9.7 (38.6) | Ref | Ref | |
| 25–29.9 | 365.6 (24.0) | 7.9 (31.4) | 1.68 (0.62–4.53) | 1.29 (0.41–4.13) | |
| 30–34.9 | 178.4 (11.7) | 6.2 (24.7) | 2.71 (0.91–8.09) | 3.78 (1.11–12.88) | |
| ≥=35 | 168.8 (11.1) | 1.3 (5.4) | 0.62 (0.08–4.93) | 1.20 (0.16–9.14) | |
| Chronic hypertension | 172.6 (11.5) | 1.4 (5.4) | 0.44 (0.06–3.27) | 0.420 | 0.32 (0.04–2.82) |
| Asthma | 128.1 (8.5) | 5.5 (21.7) | 2.97 (1.06–8.31) | 0.038 | 2.84 (1.03–7.79) |
| Seizure disorder | 9.96 (0.66) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.723 | -- |
| Diabetes mellitus | 37.7 (2.5) | 3.7 (14.7) | 6.69 (1.89–23.76) | 0.003 | 7.22 (1.90–27.41) |
| Hyperthyroid disease | 17.7 (1.2) | 2.5 (10.1) | 9.36 (2.04–42.94) | 0.004 | 9.48 (2.26–39.73) |
| Hypothyroid disease | 31.3 (2.1) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.469 | -- |
| Kidney disease | 8.5 (0.6) | 1.3 (5.4) | 9.95 (1.21–81.58) | 0.032 | 12.98 (0.68–247.86) |
| Sickle cell disease | 7.1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.723 | -- |
| Mental illness | 140.3 (9.3) | 0.91 (3.6) | 0.36 (0.05–2.74) | 0.327 | 0.19 (0.02–2.25) |
| Autoimmune disorder | 26.7 (1.8) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.535 | -- |
| UTI | 255.2 (17.0) | 6.0 (23.8) | 1.53 (0.56–4.19) | 0.413 | 0.91 (0.32–2.54) |
| Abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional) | 50.2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.367 | -- |
| Nulliparous | 556.3 (35.9) | 14.7 (58.6) | 2.53 (1.07–5.95) | 0.0338 | 4.52 (1.97–10.37) |
| Nulliparous, never pregnant or only elective terminations | 471.4 (30.4) | 14.7 (58.6) | 2.65 (1.05–6.70) | 0.039 | 6.85 (2.74–17.15) |
| Nulliparous with previous losses | 84.9 (5.5) | 0 (0) | -- | -- | |
| Multiparous with no previous losses or stillbirths | 700.9 (45.2) | 8.3 (32.9) | Ref | Ref | |
| Multiparous with no stillbirth but previous losses at <20 wk | 279.1 (18.0) | 1.2 (4.7) | 0.36 (0.04–2.91) | 0.45 (0.06–3.51) | |
| Multiparous with stillbirth | 13.3 (0.9) | 1.0 (3.9) | 6.24 (0.72–53.78) | 8.52 (0.79–92.17) | |
| ART | 36.3 (2.4) | 0.8 (3.0) | 1.27 (0.16–9.89) | 0.820 | 1.74 (0.21–14.63) |
| Multifetal pregnancy | 14.9 (1.0) | 0 (0) | -- | 0.723 | -- |
| Antenatal bleeding | 47.0 (3.1) | 4.6 (18.1) | 6.85 (2.2–21.66) | 0.001 | 7.80 (2.54–23.93) |
| Gestational age at delivery | 38.8 (0.03) | 39.1 (0.2) | 0.173 |
VA=Veteran’s Affairs; HMO=Health Maintenance Organization; BMI= body mass index; ART= assisted reproductive technology; UTI=urinary tract infection
Multivariate model includes nulliparous status, born in the United States, years of maternal education, tobacco use, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, hyperthyroid disease, and antenatal bleeding.