Figure 2.

Catalase (CAT) levels (means and standard errors of the means) and comparisons over time for maternal–fetal medicine (▴: MFM) and general obstetrics practice (▪: GOP) groups. CAT levels exhibited a slight increase over time for MFM pregnancies, χ²(4) = 9.14, p = .058, specifically between blood collected from the mother at labor and that collected from the umbilical cord (z = −3.47, p = .01). CAT significantly decreased over time for GOP pregnancies, χ²(4) = 26.85, p < .001, with specific significant differences between blood obtained at 12–20 weeks and that obtained at all other time points (24–28 weeks [z = −2.92, p = .04], labor [z = −4.92, p = .01], from the umbilical cord [z = −5.58, p = .01], and from the newborn infant [−4.97, p = .01]) and between blood obtained at 24–28 weeks and that obtained from the newborn (z = −2.94, p = .03). Reported p values for the pairwise comparisons include the Bonferroni correction.