Table 2.

Mean (SD) Measures of Oxidative Stress by Group (Maternal–Fetal Medicine [MFM] and General Obstetric Practice [GOP]) and Time Point.

Measure	12–20 Weeks		24–28 Weeks		Labor		Umbilical Cord		Newborn
	MFM	GOP	MFM	GOP	MFM	GOP	MFM	GOP	MFM	GOP
${\text{O}}_2{\hspace{0.17em}}^{•-}$ (A.U.)	9.89 × 105 (8.64 × 105)	8.58 × 105 (3.55 × 105)	9.68 × 105 (4.02 × 105)*	7.67 × 105 (3.49 × 105)	1.06 × 106 (5.57 × 105)	1.03 × 106 (5.08 × 105)	1.49 × 106 (4.84 × 105)	1.27 × 106 (4.49 × 105)	2.51 × 105 (1.30 × 105)	2.21 × 105 (8.46 × 104)
CAT (U/ml)	1.80 × 104 (8.39 × 103)***	9.40 × 104 (5.74 × 104)	2.31 × 104 (2.19 × 104)***	6.22 × 104 (4.37 × 104)	3.54 × 104 (4.81 × 104)***	4.84 × 104 (2.27 × 104)	2.24 × 104 (3.15 × 104)***	4.17 × 104 (1.58 × 104)	3.12 × 104 (3.87 × 104)***	4.06 × 104 (1.86 × 104)
SOD (U/ml)	8.29 × 104 (6.67 × 104)***	1.78 × 105 (1.91 × 105)	8.24 × 104 (6.14 × 104)	1.05 × 105 (7.65 × 104)	8.65 × 104 (6.83 × 104)	1.33 × 105 (1.80 × 105)	9.70 × 104 (1.13 × 105)	1.46 × 105 (2.02 × 105)	9.05 × 104 (8.22 × 104)	1.06 × 105 (1.48 × 105)
GSH (nmol/ml)	1.53 × 103 (8.15 × 102)***	1.89 × 103 (4.83 × 102)	1.68 × 103 (1.24 × 104)**	1.88 × 103 (7.62 × 102)	1.51 × 103 (7.48 × 102)***	2.04 × 103 (9.20 × 102)	1.79 × 103 (8.64 × 102)	2.21 × 103 (1.34 × 103)	1.85 × 103 (1.12 × 103)	2.06 × 103 (1.34 × 103)
GSSG (nmol/ml)	48.7 (59.5)	39.0 (13.4)	46.7 (68.5)	38.1 (16.8)	95.4 (128.0)	79.5 (93.9)	86.4 (110.4)	80.9 (111.5)	82.0 (100.6)	90.7 (125.9)
GSH/GSSG (nmol/ml)	73.4 (85.2)	53.3 (20.7)	52.8 (44.7)	63.0 (53.5)	45.2 (45.8)	46.2 (31.3)	75.6 (136.7)	53.9 (46.3)	53.8 (84.2)	56.2 (61.0)

Note. Testing for differences in oxidative stress levels between the groups at each time point was via Mann–Whitney U tests. A.U. = arbitrary units; CAT = catalase; GSH = reduced glutathione; GSSG = oxidized glutathione; ${\text{O}}_2{\hspace{0.17em}}^{•-}$ = superoxide; SOD = superoxide dismutase.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p ≤ .001.