FIG 2.

Innate immune signaling restricts WNV replication. (A) moDCs were infected with WNV at an MOI of 10 (as determined on Vero cells) for 1 h and then treated with RIG-I agonist (100 ng/1e6 cells), MDA5 agonist (100 ng/1e6 cells), or IFN-β (1,000 IU/ml) or left untreated (WNV). Supernatants and cells were collected at 24 hpi for flow cytometry and infectious virus release analyses. (B) moDCs were first incubated with or without anti-IFNAR2 (5 μg/ml) for 1 h and then infected and treated with RLR agonists as described for panel A. For the experiments shown in panels A and B, percent inhibition was calculated as follows: (1 − [value for WNV + agonist]/[value for WNV alone]) ×100. Dashed line indicates 100% inhibition, or complete block of viral infection. Data are shown for each donor with the mean (n = 3 donors). *, P < 0.05 (Kruskal-Wallis test).