Figure 8.

PH-EPS modulates the activation of RAW264.7 cells through the TLR4(Dectin-1)/NF-κB/MAPK pathway. PH-EPS binds to TLR4 and Dectin-1, which further activate the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, respectively, resulting in the enhanced production of NO, and secretion of the proinflammation cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. PH-EPS, exopolysaccharides derived from the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus PH0016; TLR, Toll-like receptor; NF, nuclear factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NO, nitric oxide; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin.