Table 2.

Parameter values used in different simulation scenarios. The following parameters remained fixed across all scenarios: α₀ = 0.3, β₀ = 17.480, β₂ = 1.335, β₃ = 0.493, β₄ = 14.007, σ² = 10.0

Scenario	Parameter Value
Strength of IV
α1	0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0
Strength of Confounding
α2	0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8
β5	0.0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0
Causal Treatment Effect
β1	0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0
Direct Effect
β6	0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0