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Activity of the vraDE promoter in the mutants. The vraDE promoter activity was evaluated using a β‐galactosidase reporter system as described in the Section 2. The plasmid for the reporter assay was constructed by fusing the vraDE promoter region with the gene encoding β‐galactosidase. Next, the plasmid was transduced into various strains, and β‐galactosidase activity was evaluated. *p < 0.05, as determined by Dunnett's post hoc tests compared to untreated MW2
