Table 1.
Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of participants with diabetes and diabetes and nephropathy and healthy controls.
| Parameters | Nondiabetic controls (N = 36) | T2D (N = 37) | T2D with DN (N = 49) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55.03 ± 1.17 | 57.27 ± 1.11 | 59.00 ± 1.32 | 0.077 |
| Gender M/F | 15/21 | 16/21 | 34/15 | 0.013 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.16 ± 0.69 | 31.56 ± 0.60 | 31.88 ± 0.64 | 0.150 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.64 ± 2.29 | 131.6 ± 2.46 | 130.98 ± 5.36 | 0.200 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.56 ± 1.56 | 72.46 ± 1.78 | 68.51 ± 3.01 | 0.282 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5.45 ± 0.11 | 7.86 ± 0.41 | 8.67 ± 0.44 | ≤0.001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.66 ± 0.09 | 7.59 ± 0.19 | 7.87 ± 0.25 | ≤0.001 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.85 ± 0.16 | 4.10 ± 0.16 | 3.87 ± 0.12 | ≤0.001 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.09 ± 0.09 | 1.39 ± 0.20 | 1.70 ± 0.13 | 0.016 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.46 ± 0.06 | 1.21 ± 0.6 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | ≤0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.72 ± 0.85 | 2.28 ± 0.13 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 0.020 |
| VLDL (mmol/l) | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.56 ± 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.05 | 0.016 |
| C-peptide (pg/ml) | 0.71 ± 0.05 | 0.67 ± 0.05 | 0.66 ± 0.06 | 0.829 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/l) | 76.31 ± 3.09 | 73.08 ± 3.14 | 109.57 ± 6.28 | ≤0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 80.22 ± 2.27 | 86.64 ± 3.03 | 64.08 ± 3.48 | ≤0.001 |
| Albumin (mcg/l) | 40.50 ± 0.58 | 39.11 ± 0.50 | 37.51 ± 0.53 | 0.001 |
| CRP (μg/ml) | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.46 ± 0.09 | 0.489 |
| ACR (mg/g) | 9.99 ± 1.34 | 10.24 ± 1.12 | 707.07 ± 217.78 | 0.001 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/day) | 14.47 ± 1.35 | 12.62 ± 1.07 | 8.78 ± 0.84 | 0.001 |
| Microalbumin (mg/day) | 14.97 ± 2.24 | 13.57 ± 1.56 | 592.87 ± 226.96 | 0.010 |
Data are mean ± standard error mean. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ACR: albumin/creatinine ratio. ∗∗P < 0.05 with nondiabetic controls; ∗P < 0.05 with nondiabetic controls.