Table 1.
Participant characteristics for control and Type 1 diabetes groups
| Healthy controls | Type 1 diabetes | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 30 | 70 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 13.9 ± 2.1 | 14.6 ± 1.7 | 0.103 |
| Sex (% male) | 53 | 39 | 0.184 |
| BMI z-score | 0.47 ± 0.95 | 0.70 ± 0.80 | 0.262 |
| Type 1 diabetes associated risk factors | |||
| Disease duration (years) | — | 8.9 ± 3.8 | — |
| HbA1c (% ) | 5.4 (5.3–5.5) | 8.3 (7.8–9.1) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 116 ± 18 | 125 ± 21 | 0.048 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| SBP (mmHg) | 111 ± 11 | 115 ± 10 | 0.073 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 66 ± 8 | 67 ± 7 | 0.670 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 81 ± 8 | 83 ± 6 | 0.258 |
| Lipids | |||
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.44 ± 0.29 | 1.67 ± 0.38 | 0.001 |
| Non-HDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.65 ± 0.55 | 2.59 ± 0.63 | 0.617 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.23 ± 0.51 | 2.20 ± 0.58 | 0.743 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.75 (0.63–1.31) | 0.78 (0.62–0.95) | 0.422 |
| HDL function | |||
| NO bioavailability (% change from buffer-treated cells) | 38.0 ± 8.9 | 29.5 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
| SO production (nmol O2 per 250 000 cells) | 1.91 ± 2.46 | 2.86 ± 3.59 | 0.140 |
| PON-1 activity (µMol P-Nitrophenol/L/serum/min) | 671 (418–923) | 472 (213–799) | 0.045 |
| Endothelial function | |||
| FMD (%) | 6.9 ± 3.1 | 6.9 ± 3.3 | 0.996 |
| Inflammatory measures | |||
| EGF (pg/mL) | 15.7 (9.2–35.3) | 24.8 (14.1–52.6) | 0.031 |
| GRO (pg/mL) | 490 (286–594) | 535 (378–765) | 0.037 |
| PDGF-AA (ng/mL) | 1035 (752–1874) | 1817 (1078–2004) | 0.013 |
| PDGF-BB (ng/mL) | 8708 (5633–10549) | 9200 (7693–10493) | 0.259 |
| sCD40L (ng/mL) | 3233 (1441–6411) | 6228 (2478–15067) | 0.012 |
| Inflammatory risk score | 9.2 ± 2.4 | 10.4 ± 2.6 | 0.030 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed data and median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed data, respectively. Bold denotes significant difference (P<0.05).
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EGF, epidermal growth factor; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; GRO, chemokine growth-regulated oncogene; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PDGF-AA, platelet-derived growth factor AA; PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor BB; SBP, systolic blood pressure; sCD40L, soluble CD-40 ligand.