Figure 2.

Biomechanical properties of the shells of larval mussels (Mytilus californianus) can be tested shortly before settlement into the benthos, as a function of their exposure to climate change drivers. (A) Veliger stage mussel larvae. The long axis of each of these individuals is ~120 μm. (B) Individual larvae can be mounted on microscope slides and the compressive force required to break their shells quantified, using a micro-force applicator affixed to a materials testing instrument. Smallest scale division equals 12.5 μm. (C) Example force trace during a representative test. Data and images redrawn after Gaylord et al. (2011).