Figure 1.

Advantages of nanoparticles for vaccine design. a) Various combinations of adjuvants and antigens can be formulated using nanoparticle platforms such as liposomes, emulsions, nanogels, and many others. b) Nanovaccines can access the lymphatic drainage system for lymph node delivery while protecting cargoes from environmental degradation. Once at the lymph nodes, the nanocarriers can deliver their cargoes to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for immune processing. c) Nanovaccine properties can be tuned to efficiently deliver their cargoes for maximum immune activation. For example, nanoparticles can be modified to target specific subsets of immune cells. They can also be delivered to specific intracellular compartments, where receptors for immune pathways can be triggered.