Table 2. Results of the pre-test.
| Psychological pain | Physical pain | No pain | Psychological vs. physical | Physical vs. no pain | Psychological vs. no pain | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observer’s state | ||||||
| Empathic concern | 4.71 (0.64) | 3.75 (0.45) | 2.24 (0.65) | p < .001 | p < .001 | p < .001 |
| Personal distress | 3.02 (0.40) | 4.01 (0.55) | 1.63 (0.37) | p < .001 | p < .001 | p < .001 |
| Arousal | 4.75 (0.60) | 5.16 (0.78) | 2.81 (0.73) | p < .05 | p < .05 | p < .001 |
| Pictorial stimuli | ||||||
| State of depicted person | 6.50 (0.77) | 6.23 (0.78) | 3.10 (0.87) | p = .37 | p < .001 | p < .001 |
| Realism | 6.12 (0.84) | 5.72 (0.91) | 5.58 (0.81) | -- | -- | -- |
| Description of situation | ||||||
| Fit of description | 3.80 (0.56) | 3.57 (0.66) | 3.06 (0.49) | p = .19 | p < .001 | p < .001 |
| Facilitation of perspective taking by description | 3.89 (0.42) | 3.62 (0.49) | 3.35 (0.36) | p < .05 | p < .05 | p < .05 |
Mean rating scores on different dimensions for the three types of pain (with standard deviations in parenthesis) and p-values of Tukey tests.