Table 10. Hypothesized mechanisms of African swine fever virus pathogenesis and immune evasion inferred from differentially expressed genes (DEG) down- or up-regulated in infected macrophages with listed references used for biological inferences and tables contain the DEG.

Mechanisms	DEG	Expression	Table	Biological activity	Reference
Hemorrhagic fever by cytokine storm	TNFs, IFNs, IL17	up	4	Pro-inflammation	11–13, 29, 34
	IL10	down	4	anti-inflammation	35
Neutrophilia / inhibition of NETs1	CSF3	up	5	neutrophil production	27
	ELR+ CXCLs	down	5	neutrophil recruitment	28, 43
Lymphopenia / T cell suppression	TNFSF10	up	4	lymphocyte toxicity	26
	CXCL10, CXCL16	up	5	T cell recruitment	28, 45
	IL27, IDO1	up	4, S1	Treg cell differentiation	39, 40
Suppression of macrophage M1 activation	P2Rs, TLRs	down	6	macrophage M1 activation	47, 49
	C3AR1, C5AR1	down	6	macrophage M1 activation	48
	IL13	up	4	macrophage M2 activation	38
	IFN & TNF receptors	down	6	macrophage M1 activation	46, 50
Cytokine signaling inhibition	SIGLEC1, USP18, SOCS1	up	9	cytokine signaling suppression	66–68
	TRADD, FADD	down	9	TNF signal transduction	46
	IL1RN, IL18BP	up	4	IL1 & IL18 signaling inhibition	36
	12 TFs, 8 STs2	down	9	cytokine signal transduction	46, 63, 64
Inhibition of MHC epitope processing, loading and presentation	SLA-DMA, SLA-DMB	down	7	MHC Class II epitope loading	52
	SLA-DOA, SLA-DOB	up	7	inhibition of SLA-DM	52
	CTSs & PSMs	down	7	MHC epitope procession	52
	5 ATGs	down	8	endogenous antigen routing	61
	IL7R, NUPR1	up	6, 8	autophagy inhibition	55, 56
	GADD45, BNIP3	down	8	autophagy and apoptosis	57, 58
	TNFSF11, TNFSF15	down	4	MHC antigen presentation	53, 54
Inhibition of classical monocyte recruitment	CCL2	Down	5	classical monocytes	28, 42
	CCL3, CCL4, CCL5	up	5	non-classical monocytes	42

¹ NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps

² TFs: immune-related transcription factor and STs: signal transducers